What the Double Empathy Problem Is (and Is Not)

Elizabeth Kilgallon; Monique Botha; Patrick Dwyer; Kristen Bottema‐Beutel; Damian Milton; Noah J. Sasson; Catherine J. Crompton

doi:10.1177/25739581261456653

Ce qu'est le problème de la double empathie (et ce qu'il n'est pas)

Titre original en anglais : What the Double Empathy Problem Is (and Is Not)

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Kilgallon, E., Botha, M., Dwyer, P., Bottema‐Beutel, K., Milton, D., Sasson, N. J., & Crompton, C. J. (2026). What the Double Empathy Problem Is (and Is Not). Autism in Adulthood. https://doi.org/10.1177/25739581261456653

Date de publication: 23/06/2026 Ajout dans AutiHub: 05/07/2026 Type: Article Langue de l’article: Anglais

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Résumé

Nous réaffirmons le problème de la double empathie (DEP) comme une explication sociologique de l'interaction entre personnes autistes et non autistes (et, plus largement, entre individus ayant des dispositions différentes), plutôt que comme une théorie socio-cognitive de l'autisme. Le DEP recadre les ruptures communicationnelles comme étant relationnelles plutôt que dues uniquement à des déficits autistiques, s'opposant aux théories préjudiciables de l'autisme fondées sur les déficits, qui reposent sur des preuves faibles. Évaluer le DEP uniquement à travers des cadres socio-cognitifs positivistes risque de saper la position épistémologique initiale du DEP en tant que prisme sociologique et critique. Nous clarifions le cadrage probabiliste du DEP afin de souligner que les malentendus entre personnes autistes et non autistes varient selon le contexte et le pouvoir. Ce cadrage invite à une recherche appliquée sur les méthodes permettant d'accroître la compréhension mutuelle. Il importe de noter que les données en faveur d'un tel DEP probabiliste sont de plus en plus nombreuses, tandis que les théories socio-cognitives traditionnelles fondées sur les déficits soulèvent de sérieuses préoccupations quant à leur validité et aux données qui les étayent. En plaçant les perspectives autistes au centre, nous soutenons que le DEP peut promouvoir des programmes de recherche éthiques qui intègrent des méthodes rigoureuses et sensibles au contexte afin de faire progresser une science de l'autisme relationnelle et consciente des rapports de pouvoir, qui bénéficie à la communauté autiste selon ses propres termes. Résumé communautaire Pourquoi ce sujet est-il important ? Les personnes autistes sont souvent décrites comme ayant des « déficits sociaux », mais de nombreux malentendus entre personnes autistes et non autistes proviennent des deux côtés. Le problème de la double empathie (DEP) montre que les difficultés de communication sont relationnelles et façonnées par les différences d'expérience, d'attentes et de pouvoir, et non par des déficits individuels ou des problèmes internes à la personne autiste. Comprendre cela aide à remettre en question la stigmatisation, à réduire le blâme attribué aux personnes autistes et à promouvoir des relations plus respectueuses et plus équitables. Quel est l'objectif de cet article ? Cet article explique ce que le DEP est et n'est pas, clarifie les malentendus fréquents concernant la théorie, la manière dont elle est étudiée et son application, et montre pourquoi il devrait être compris comme un cadre sociologique et relationnel plutôt que comme une explication biologique ou cognitive de l'autisme. Il examine les données existantes, discute des bonnes pratiques de recherche et plaide pour l'application d'idées éclairées par le DEP dans l'éducation, le travail clinique et les politiques publiques. Quelles perspectives personnelles ou professionnelles les auteurs apportent-ils à ce sujet ? Les auteurs apportent à ce travail une combinaison d'expérience vécue, de recherche et d'expertise de longue date. L'équipe d'auteurs comprend des universitaires et des chercheurs autistes et non autistes qui ont élaboré, développé et dirigé des travaux théoriques et empiriques sur le DEP, ainsi que des universitaires possédant une vaste expérience de l'étude de l'interaction entre personnes autistes et non autistes, du capacitisme dans la recherche sur l'autisme, ainsi que des approches participatives et affirmant la neurodiversité. Que sait-on déjà sur ce sujet ? Le DEP explique que les malentendus entre personnes autistes et non autistes surviennent en raison de leurs différents antécédents sociaux, attentes et modes de communication, et non parce que les personnes autistes manquent d'empathie ou de sociabilité. Des études ont montré que : • les interactions entre personnes autistes peuvent être tout aussi efficaces que les interactions entre personnes non autistes ; • les interactions mixtes (autistes-non autistes) tendent à être les plus difficiles ; et • les théories socio-cognitives traditionnelles ne prédisent pas de manière fiable la façon dont les personnes autistes interagissent réellement dans la vie quotidienne ni la manière dont elles rapportent leur expérience. Il est également connu que la recherche sur l'autisme a une longue histoire de pathologisation des personnes autistes et néglige souvent les perspectives autistes et les données qualitatives. Que recommandent les auteurs ? Nous recommandons : 1. De comprendre, d'étudier et d'utiliser le DEP comme un cadre portant sur les relations et les contextes sociaux, et non comme une théorie qui situe les problèmes de communication à l'intérieur des personnes autistes. 2. De placer les perspectives autistes au centre et de traiter les personnes autistes comme des partenaires égaux dans la recherche et la communication. 3. D'utiliser des pratiques de recherche plus équitables et plus rigoureuses, y compris définir clairement les groupes de comparaison et étudier les interactions sociales telles qu'elles se produisent dans la vie quotidienne. 4. D'appliquer dès maintenant les idées issues du DEP dans la pratique, plutôt que d'attendre un niveau de preuve plus élevé que celui exigé pour d'autres théories de l'autisme. Comment ces recommandations aideront-elles les adultes autistes maintenant ou à l'avenir ? Ces recommandations peuvent : • réduire la stigmatisation en remettant en question la croyance selon laquelle les personnes autistes sont seules responsables des difficultés de communication ; • valider les expériences vécues par les adultes autistes en matière de malentendus et de préjugés ; • favoriser une communication plus respectueuse et plus efficace entre personnes autistes et non autistes ; • encourager les services, les cliniciens et les éducateurs à éviter les pratiques préjudiciables et à établir plutôt des relations de soutien mutuel ; et • influencer les recherches et les politiques futures afin qu'elles soient plus justes, plus inclusives et ancrées dans les réalités autistes.

We reassert the Double Empathy Problem (DEP) as a sociological account of autistic-non-autistic (and more broadly, between individuals with differing dispositions) interaction, rather than a social-cognitive theory of autism. The DEP reframes communicative breakdowns as relational rather than solely due to autistic deficits, countering harmful deficit-based theories of autism that rest on weak evidence. Evaluating the DEP solely through positivist social-cognitive frameworks risks undermining the DEP’s original epistemological stance as a sociological and critical lens. We clarify the probabilistic framing of the DEP to emphasize that misunderstandings between autistic and non-autistic people shift with context and power. This framing invites applied inquiry into methods for increasing mutual understanding. Importantly, there is growing evidence in favor of such a probabilistic DEP, whereas there are serious validity and evidentiary concerns surrounding traditional deficit-based social-cognitive theories. By centering autistic perspectives, we argue that the DEP can promote ethical research agendas that integrate rigorous, context-sensitive methods to advance a relational, power-aware autism science that benefits the autistic community on its own terms. Community Brief Why is this topic important? Autistic people are often described as having “social deficits,” but many misunderstandings between autistic and non-autistic people come from both sides. The Double Empathy Problem (DEP) shows that communication difficulties are relational and shaped by differences in experience, expectations, and power, not individual deficits or problems within the autistic person. Understanding this helps challenge stigma, reduce blame placed on autistic people, and promote more respectful and equitable relationships. What is the purpose of this article? This article explains what the DEP is and is not, clarifies common misunderstandings about the theory, how it is studied, and its application, and shows why it should be understood as a sociological and relational framework rather than a biological or cognitive explanation of autism. It reviews existing evidence, discusses best practices for research, and argues for applying DEP-informed ideas in education, clinical work, and policy. What personal or professional perspectives do the authors bring to this topic? The authors bring a combination of lived experience, research, and long-standing expertise to this work. The authorship team includes autistic and non-autistic scholars and researchers who have originated, developed, and led theoretical and empirical work on the DEP, as well as scholars with extensive experience studying autistic–non-autistic interaction, ableism in autism research, and participatory and neurodiversity-affirming approaches. What is already known about this topic? The DEP explains that misunderstandings between autistic and non-autistic people happen because of people’s different social backgrounds, expectations, and ways of communicating, not because autistic people lack empathy or sociality. Studies have shown that: • Autistic–autistic interactions can be just as effective as non-autistic–non-autistic interactions, • Mixed (autistic–non-autistic) interactions tend to be the most challenging, and • Traditional social-cognitive theories do not reliably predict how autistic people actually interact in real life or how autistic people report their experience. It is also known that autism research has a long history of pathologizing autistic people and often overlooks autistic perspectives and qualitative evidence. What do the authors recommend? We recommend: 1. Understanding, researching, and using the DEP as a framework about relationships and social contexts, not as a theory that places communication problems inside autistic people. 2. Centering autistic perspectives and treating autistic people as equal partners in research and communication. 3. Using fairer and more rigorous research practices, including clearly defining comparison groups and studying social interactions as they occur in real life. 4. Applying ideas from the DEP in practice now, rather than waiting for a higher level of evidence than is required for other autism theories. How will these recommendations help autistic adults now or in the future? These recommendations can: • Reduce stigma by challenging the belief that autistic people are solely responsible for communication difficulties; • Validate autistic adults’ lived experiences of misunderstanding and bias; • Support more respectful and effective communication between autistic and non-autistic people; • Encourage services, clinicians, and educators to avoid harmful practices and instead build mutually supportive relationships; and • Influence future research and policy to be more just, inclusive, and grounded in autistic realities.

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Ces indicateurs décrivent la bibliographie citée importée pour cette publication. Les métriques de références citées utilisent le total des références citées comme dénominateur. Les métriques d’auteurices cité·es indiquent si elles utilisent toutes les occurrences d’auteurices cité·es ou seulement les occurrences rattachées à des auteurices déjà intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub. Ils utilisent les rattachements mis en cache entre les auteurices cité·es et les auteurices intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub. Dernier calcul : 16/08/2026 11:30.

Références citées

101

Nombre total de références citées intégrées pour cette publication.

Références citées avec un·e auteur·ice identifié·e comme autiste

27 / 101 (26,7 %)

Occurrences d’auteur·ices cité·es identifié·es comme autistes

39 / 336 (11,6 %)

Parmi les occurrences rattachées à des auteurices intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub : 39 / 186 (21,0 %). Auteurices cité·es distinct·es identifié·es comme autistes : 26 / 267 (9,7 %).

Occurrences citées rattachées à la base AutiHub

186 / 336 (55,4 %)

Auteurices cité·es distinct·es rattaché·es : 120 / 267 (44,9 %)

Occurrences rattachées, non identifiées comme autistes

147 / 186 (79,0 %)

Parmi les seules occurrences rattachées. Sur l’ensemble des occurrences d’auteurices cité·es : 147 / 336 (43,8 %). Auteurices cité·es distinct·es rattaché·es, non identifié·es comme autistes : 94 / 120 (78,3 %).

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