Une approche réaliste critique de l’autisme : implications ontologiques et épistémologiques pour la production de connaissances dans la recherche sur l’autisme

Titre original en anglais : A Critical Realist Approach on Autism: Ontological and Epistemological Implications for Knowledge Production in Autism Research

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Kourti, M. (2021). A Critical Realist Approach on Autism: Ontological and Epistemological Implications for Knowledge Production in Autism Research. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 713423-713423. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.713423

Date de publication: 23/12/2021 Ajout dans AutiHub: 06/07/2026 Type: Article Langue de l’article: Anglais
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Auteurs

Auteur·ices des publications
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1 / 1 (100,0 %)
  1. Marianthi Kourti *

Résumé

Le statut ontologique de l’autisme a fait l’objet de débats considérables, et les approches philosophiques à son égard ont été récentes et peu nombreuses. D’une part, depuis sa conception, l’autisme a historiquement été fortement situé dans les domaines de la psychiatrie, de la psychologie et des neurosciences, qui supposent souvent un accès à une réalité « objective », neutre et infaillible, extérieure au processus de recherche et fondée sur la biologie et les caractéristiques comportementales de la personne autiste, lesquelles peuvent être observées et étudiées scientifiquement. D’autre part, les défenseurs du mouvement de la neurodiversité s’opposent aux approches médicalisantes et pathologisantes de l’autisme et plaident en faveur d’approches qui prennent en compte les constructions sociales de l’autisme et les rapports de pouvoir. La philosophie du réalisme critique peut aider à concilier ces deux positions. Le réalisme critique conçoit l’objectivité comme un énoncé concernant un objet, plutôt que comme une réalité neutre et infaillible. Par conséquent, le réalisme critique suggère que l’accès à la réalité ne peut avoir lieu qu’au moyen de théories faillibles. Il suggère également qu’une théorisation efficace va au-delà des apparences et des phénomènes et peut même les contredire, ce qui peut aider à remettre en question les approches comportementalistes dominantes de l’autisme. J’explore ensuite comment les principes du réalisme critique peuvent contribuer à renforcer les théories de l’autisme dirigées par des personnes autistes, les arguments qu’elles avancent, ainsi que la manière dont elles soutiennent l’importance des connaissances communautaires sur l’autisme. Enfin, je présente comment l’approche du réalisme critique à l’égard de la connaissance elle-même, ainsi que du processus de création des connaissances, peut renforcer la théorisation autiste, la participation des personnes autistes à la recherche sur l’autisme et l’émancipation des personnes autistes. Dans la dernière partie de l’article, j’explore comment les concepts du réalisme critique s’appliquent à la sociabilité autiste. Je commence par le débat entre structure et agentivité, par la manière dont le réalisme critique concilie ce débat et par les implications pour l’émancipation des personnes autistes et la recherche sur l’autisme. Je présente ensuite le processus de critique et d’explication du réalisme critique, la manière dont ils sont liés à l’émancipation humaine et la façon dont ils peuvent conduire à des changements ayant un impact dans la recherche sur l’autisme en exigeant des liens clairs entre la recherche et la pratique, en améliorant les pratiques grâce à de solides fondements théoriques et, ainsi, en soutenant les objectifs de la recherche émancipatrice sur l’autisme.

The ontological status of autism has been a subject of considerable debate and philosophical approaches of it have been recent and sparse. On the one hand, from its conception, autism has been historically heavily located in the fields of psychiatry, psychology and neuroscience, which often assume access to an "objective," neutral and infallible reality that is external to the research process and is based on the autistic person's biology and behavioural characteristics, which can be scientifically observed and studied. On the other, proponents of the neurodiversity movement argue against medicalised and pathologising approaches to autism and toward approaches that consider social constructions of autism and relations of power. The Critical Realist philosophy can help reconcile the two positions. Critical Realism conceptualises objectivity as a statement about an object, rather than a neutral and infallible reality. Consequently, Critical Realism suggests that access to reality can only occur through fallible theories. It also suggests that effective theorising goes beyond appearances and phenomena and may even contradict them, which can help challenge dominant behaviourist approaches on autism. I then explore how the tenets of Critical Realism can help strengthen autistic-led theories of autism, the arguments they make, as well as how they support the importance of community autism knowledge. Finally, I present how Critical Realism's approach to knowledge itself as well as the process of knowledge creation can strengthen autistic theorising, autistic participation in autism research and autistic emancipation. In the last part of the article, I explore how the concepts of Critical Realism apply to autistic sociability. I start with the debate between structure and agency, how Critical Realism reconciles this debate and the implications for autistic emancipation and autism research. I then present Critical Realism's process of critique and explanation, how they connect to human emancipation and how they can lead to impactful change in autism research by requiring clear links from research to practice, enhancing practices with strong theoretical underpinnings and thus aiding the aims of emancipatory autism research.

Bibliographie citée par cette référence

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Vue d’ensemble de l’inclusion dans la bibliographie

Ces indicateurs décrivent la bibliographie citée importée pour cette publication. Les métriques de références citées utilisent le total des références citées comme dénominateur. Les métriques d’auteurices cité·es indiquent si elles utilisent toutes les occurrences d’auteurices cité·es ou seulement les occurrences rattachées à des auteurices déjà intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub. Ils utilisent les rattachements mis en cache entre les auteurices cité·es et les auteurices intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub. Dernier calcul : 16/08/2026 11:30.

Références citées
98
Nombre total de références citées intégrées pour cette publication.
Références citées avec un·e auteur·ice identifié·e comme autiste
19 / 98 (19,4 %)
Occurrences d’auteur·ices cité·es identifié·es comme autistes
24 / 157 (15,3 %)
Parmi les occurrences rattachées à des auteurices intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub : 24 / 73 (32,9 %). Auteurices cité·es distinct·es identifié·es comme autistes : 16 / 127 (12,6 %).
Occurrences citées rattachées à la base AutiHub
73 / 157 (46,5 %)
Auteurices cité·es distinct·es rattaché·es : 58 / 127 (45,7 %)
Occurrences rattachées, non identifiées comme autistes
49 / 73 (67,1 %)
Parmi les seules occurrences rattachées. Sur l’ensemble des occurrences d’auteurices cité·es : 49 / 157 (31,2 %). Auteurices cité·es distinct·es rattaché·es, non identifié·es comme autistes : 42 / 58 (72,4 %).
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