Points de vue de la communauté sur la neurodiversité, les modèles du handicap et l'intervention en autisme : des méthodes mixtes révèlent des objectifs communs et des tensions majeures

Titre original en anglais : Community views of neurodiversity, models of disability and autism intervention: Mixed methods reveal shared goals and key tensions

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Dwyer, P., Gurba, A., Kapp, S. K., Kilgallon, E., Hersh, L. H., Chang, D. S., Rivera, S. M., & Gillespie-Lynch, K. (2024). Community views of neurodiversity, models of disability and autism intervention: Mixed methods reveal shared goals and key tensions. Autism, 29(9), 2297-2314. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613241273029

Date de publication: 18/09/2024 Ajout dans AutiHub: 05/07/2026 Type: Article Langue de l’article: Anglais
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Auteurs

Auteur·ices des publications
8
Auteur·ices de la publication identifié·es comme autistes
4 / 8 (50,0 %)
  1. Patrick Dwyer *
  2. Ava Gurba *
  3. Steven K. Kapp *
  4. Elizabeth Kilgallon *
  1. Lynnette H. Hersh
  2. David S. Chang
  3. Susan M. Rivera
  4. Kristen Gillespie-Lynch

Résumé

Les controverses concernant le mouvement de la neurodiversité peuvent être exacerbées par la confusion quant à sa signification. Par exemple, certains suggèrent que la neurodiversité implique l'acceptation du modèle social, tandis que d'autres la décrivent comme plus nuancée. Nous avons cherché à aider à résoudre des points de vue contradictoires en sollicitant les avis de 504 membres autistes et membres de la communauté de l'autisme (278 autistes, 226 non autistes), dont 100 chercheurs (41 autistes), 122 professionnels (35 autistes) et 162 parents/proches aidants (53 autistes). Ils ont évalué le mouvement de la neurodiversité, le modèle social, le modèle médical et les objectifs d'intervention, et ont répondu à des questions ouvertes concernant la signification de la neurodiversité, du mouvement de la neurodiversité et des modèles du handicap. Le soutien au mouvement de la neurodiversité était associé à l'approbation d'une réforme de la société et d'environnements plus favorables, ainsi qu'à un moindre soutien aux interventions de normalisation et de compétences adaptatives, bien que l'enseignement de compétences adaptatives ait été largement soutenu dans l'ensemble. Bien que les participants aient souvent suggéré que le modèle social attribue le handicap uniquement à la société, cette vision « forte » n'était pas universelle. Les partisans du modèle social « fort » approuvaient néanmoins certaines interventions ciblant les caractéristiques des individus, en particulier l'enseignement de compétences adaptatives et la guérison de la dépression et de l'épilepsie. Les résultats confirment que les partisans du mouvement de la neurodiversité dénoncent la normalisation, mais sont ouverts à des soutiens individualisés. Les résultats mettent en évidence un fort soutien au leadership autiste, en particulier parmi les personnes autistes, y compris les parents autistes, ainsi qu'à la réforme de la société, et suggèrent qu'une rhétorique simplificatrice peut semer la confusion quant aux points de vue des défenseurs. Résumé grand public Que sait-on déjà sur le sujet ? Certaines personnes soutiennent le mouvement de la neurodiversité et d'autres le critiquent. Elles sont souvent en désaccord sur ce que signifie le mouvement de la neurodiversité. La confusion sur ce qu'est le mouvement de la neurodiversité rend difficile l'accord sur la meilleure manière de soutenir les personnes autistes ou handicapées. Qu'apporte cet article ? Nous avons étudié les points de vue de membres autistes et de membres de la communauté de l'autisme sur le mouvement de la neurodiversité et les interventions en autisme. La plupart des participants soutenaient le mouvement de la neurodiversité. Le soutien au mouvement de la neurodiversité était lié au souhait de changer la société et de rendre les lieux plus confortables pour les personnes autistes. Les partisans de la neurodiversité estimaient que les enfants autistes devraient choisir leurs propres objectifs d'intervention et que les adultes autistes devraient aider les enfants à choisir leurs objectifs. Les partisans de la neurodiversité ne pensaient pas que les personnes autistes devraient apprendre à se comporter de façon moins autiste. Les personnes en accord comme en désaccord avec le mouvement de la neurodiversité ont déclaré qu'il est important d'aider les personnes autistes à aller bien. De nombreux participants ont déclaré que la société est à l'origine de toutes les difficultés que rencontrent les personnes handicapées. Pourtant, ils étaient dans une certaine mesure ouverts à l'idée d'aider les personnes à se développer en leur enseignant des compétences utiles et en essayant de guérir la dépression et l'épilepsie. Implications pour la pratique, la recherche ou les politiques. Pour mieux aider les personnes autistes, nous devrions écouter les participants à cette étude. Ils ont appelé à améliorer la société, à créer davantage d'espaces où les personnes autistes se sentent à l'aise et à aider les personnes autistes à mener le changement. Ils ont mis en garde contre le fait d'enseigner aux personnes autistes à cacher leur autisme. Les critiques du mouvement de la neurodiversité devraient lire cet article afin de mieux comprendre ce que croient les partisans du mouvement de la neurodiversité. En prenant le temps d'apprendre les uns des autres, nous pouvons travailler ensemble pour mieux soutenir les personnes autistes.

Controversies regarding the neurodiversity movement may be exacerbated by confusion over its meaning. For example, some suggest neurodiversity entails acceptance of the social model, whereas others describe it as more nuanced. We aimed to help resolve conflicting viewpoints by inviting insights from 504 autistic and autism community members (278 autistic, 226 non-autistic), including 100 researchers (41 autistic), 122 professionals (35 autistic) and 162 parents/caregivers (53 autistic). They rated the neurodiversity movement, social model, medical model and intervention goals, and answered open-ended questions regarding the meaning of neurodiversity, the neurodiversity movement and disability models. Neurodiversity movement support was associated with endorsing societal reform and making environments more supportive, and lower support for normalization and adaptive skill interventions, though teaching adaptive skills was widely supported overall. Although participants often suggested the social model attributes disability solely to society, this ‘strong’ view was not universal. ‘Strong’ social model supporters still endorsed some interventions targeting individuals’ characteristics (specifically, teaching adaptive skills, curing depression and epilepsy). Findings confirm that neurodiversity movement supporters denounce normalization, but are open to individualized supports. Findings highlight strong support for autistic leadership (especially among autistic people, including autistic parents) and for societal reform, and suggest that oversimplified rhetoric may cause confusion regarding advocates’ views. Lay abstract What is already known about the topic? Some people support the neurodiversity movement and other people criticize it. They often disagree about what the neurodiversity movement means. Confusion about what the neurodiversity movement is makes it hard for people to agree about how best to support autistic or disabled people. What does this article add? We studied autistic and autism community members’ views on the neurodiversity movement and autism interventions. Most participants supported the neurodiversity movement. Support for the neurodiversity movement was related to wanting to change society and make places more comfortable for autistic people. Neurodiversity supporters felt autistic children should choose their own intervention goals and that autistic adults should help children choose goals. Neurodiversity supporters did not think autistic people should be taught to act less autistic. Both those agreeing and disagreeing with the neurodiversity movement said that it is important to help autistic people be well. Many participants said that society causes all the difficulties disabled people experience. Yet they were somewhat open to helping people grow by teaching them useful skills and trying to cure depression and epilepsy. Implications for practice, research or policy. To better help autistic people, we should listen to participants in this study. They called for improving society, building more spaces where autistic people feel comfortable and helping autistic people lead change. They warned against teaching autistic people to hide their autism. Critics of the neurodiversity movement should read this article to better understand what neurodiversity movement supporters believe. By taking time to learn from one another, we can work together to better support autistic people.

Bibliographie citée par cette référence

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Vue d’ensemble de l’inclusion dans la bibliographie

Ces indicateurs décrivent la bibliographie citée importée pour cette publication. Les métriques de références citées utilisent le total des références citées comme dénominateur. Les métriques d’auteurices cité·es indiquent si elles utilisent toutes les occurrences d’auteurices cité·es ou seulement les occurrences rattachées à des auteurices déjà intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub. Ils utilisent les rattachements mis en cache entre les auteurices cité·es et les auteurices intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub. Dernier calcul : 16/08/2026 11:30.

Références citées
111
Nombre total de références citées intégrées pour cette publication.
Références citées avec un·e auteur·ice identifié·e comme autiste
28 / 111 (25,2 %)
Occurrences d’auteur·ices cité·es identifié·es comme autistes
44 / 235 (18,7 %)
Parmi les occurrences rattachées à des auteurices intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub : 44 / 130 (33,8 %). Auteurices cité·es distinct·es identifié·es comme autistes : 23 / 192 (12,0 %).
Occurrences citées rattachées à la base AutiHub
130 / 235 (55,3 %)
Auteurices cité·es distinct·es rattaché·es : 88 / 192 (45,8 %)
Occurrences rattachées, non identifiées comme autistes
86 / 130 (66,2 %)
Parmi les seules occurrences rattachées. Sur l’ensemble des occurrences d’auteurices cité·es : 86 / 235 (36,6 %). Auteurices cité·es distinct·es rattaché·es, non identifié·es comme autistes : 65 / 88 (73,9 %).
1 entrée de bibliographie citée n’a pas pu être entièrement enrichie à partir des métadonnées DOI.
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