La neurodiversite et l'ecologie sociale des fonctions mentales

Titre original en anglais : Neurodiversity and the Social Ecology of Mental Functions

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Chapman, R. (2021). Neurodiversity and the Social Ecology of Mental Functions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), 1360-1372. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620959833

Date de publication: 12/02/2021 Ajout dans AutiHub: 05/07/2026 Type: Article Langue de l’article: Anglais
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  1. Robert Chapman *

Résumé

En psychiatrie, le dysfonctionnement mental est typiquement envisage en relation avec des modeles qui cherchent a etre continus avec la physiologie ou la biologie evolutionnaire et qui comparent l'aptitude individuelle a une norme fonctionnelle plus large. Les defenseurs du mouvement de la neurodiversite remettent toutefois en question la pathologisation des styles cognitifs minoritaires et soutiennent que nous devrions recadrer la diversite neurocognitive comme une manifestation normale et saine de la biodiversite. Les defenseurs de la neurodiversite se sont jusqu'a present appuyes sur des modeles sociaux-relationnels du handicap pour contester le modele medical du handicap, mais ils n'ont pas elabore d'analyse fonctionnelle alternative pour remplacer les conceptions du dysfonctionnement ou de l'alteration neurologique. Ici, je clarifie et defends la perspective de la neurodiversite en m'appuyant sur des modeles fonctionnels ecologiques qui prennent en compte, a cote de la fonctionnalite individuelle, les contributions relationnelles aux collectifs et le fonctionnement des groupes. En utilisant l'exemple de l'autisme ainsi que des developpements recents dans l'etude de la diversite cognitive, j'applique ces modeles au fonctionnement mental humain et soutiens que ce que j'appelle le modele ecologique presente une plus grande utilite pour la recherche et la pratique que les principales analyses fonctionnelles psychiatriques du fonctionnement mental.

In psychiatry, mental dysfunction is typically framed in relation to models that seek to be continuous with physiology or evolutionary biology and that compare individual fitness to a broader functional norm. Proponents of the neurodiversity movement, however, challenge the pathologization of minority cognitive styles and argue that we should reframe neurocognitive diversity as a normal and healthy manifestation of biodiversity. Neurodiversity proponents have thus far drawn on social-relational models of disability to challenge the medical model of disability, but they have not developed an alternative functional analysis to replace conceptions of neurological dysfunction or impairment. Here I clarify and defend the neurodiversity perspective by drawing on ecological functional models that take relational contributions to collectives, and group functioning, into account alongside individual functionality. Using the example of autism as well as recent developments in the study of cognitive diversity, I apply these models to human mental functioning and argue that what I call the ecological model has greater utility for research and practice than the leading psychiatric functional analyses of mental functioning.

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Références citées
93
Nombre total de références citées intégrées pour cette publication.
Références citées avec un·e auteur·ice identifié·e comme autiste
10 / 93 (10,8 %)
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12 / 126 (9,5 %)
Parmi les occurrences rattachées à des auteurices intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub : 12 / 30 (40,0 %). Auteurices cité·es distinct·es identifié·es comme autistes : 8 / 110 (7,3 %).
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30 / 126 (23,8 %)
Auteurices cité·es distinct·es rattaché·es : 22 / 110 (20,0 %)
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18 / 30 (60,0 %)
Parmi les seules occurrences rattachées. Sur l’ensemble des occurrences d’auteurices cité·es : 18 / 126 (14,3 %). Auteurices cité·es distinct·es rattaché·es, non identifié·es comme autistes : 14 / 22 (63,6 %).
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