Community views of neurodiversity, models of disability and autism intervention: Mixed methods reveal shared goals and key tensions

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Dwyer, P., Gurba, A. N., Kapp, S. K., Kilgallon, E., Hersh, L. H., Chang, D. S., Rivera, S. M., & Gillespie-Lynch, K. (2024). Community views of neurodiversity, models of disability and autism intervention: Mixed methods reveal shared goals and key tensions. Autism, 29(9), 2297-2314. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613241273029

Publication date: 18 Sep 2024 Added to AutiHub: 5 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
8
Publication authors identified as autistic
4 / 8 (50.0%)
  1. Patrick Dwyer *
  2. Ava N. Gurba *
  3. Steven K. Kapp *
  4. Elizabeth Kilgallon *
  1. Lynnette H. Hersh
  2. David S. Chang
  3. Susan M. Rivera
  4. Kristen Gillespie-Lynch

Abstract

Controversies regarding the neurodiversity movement may be exacerbated by confusion over its meaning. For example, some suggest neurodiversity entails acceptance of the social model, whereas others describe it as more nuanced. We aimed to help resolve conflicting viewpoints by inviting insights from 504 autistic and autism community members (278 autistic, 226 non-autistic), including 100 researchers (41 autistic), 122 professionals (35 autistic) and 162 parents/caregivers (53 autistic). They rated the neurodiversity movement, social model, medical model and intervention goals, and answered open-ended questions regarding the meaning of neurodiversity, the neurodiversity movement and disability models. Neurodiversity movement support was associated with endorsing societal reform and making environments more supportive, and lower support for normalization and adaptive skill interventions, though teaching adaptive skills was widely supported overall. Although participants often suggested the social model attributes disability solely to society, this ‘strong’ view was not universal. ‘Strong’ social model supporters still endorsed some interventions targeting individuals’ characteristics (specifically, teaching adaptive skills, curing depression and epilepsy). Findings confirm that neurodiversity movement supporters denounce normalization, but are open to individualized supports. Findings highlight strong support for autistic leadership (especially among autistic people, including autistic parents) and for societal reform, and suggest that oversimplified rhetoric may cause confusion regarding advocates’ views. Lay abstract What is already known about the topic? Some people support the neurodiversity movement and other people criticize it. They often disagree about what the neurodiversity movement means. Confusion about what the neurodiversity movement is makes it hard for people to agree about how best to support autistic or disabled people. What does this article add? We studied autistic and autism community members’ views on the neurodiversity movement and autism interventions. Most participants supported the neurodiversity movement. Support for the neurodiversity movement was related to wanting to change society and make places more comfortable for autistic people. Neurodiversity supporters felt autistic children should choose their own intervention goals and that autistic adults should help children choose goals. Neurodiversity supporters did not think autistic people should be taught to act less autistic. Both those agreeing and disagreeing with the neurodiversity movement said that it is important to help autistic people be well. Many participants said that society causes all the difficulties disabled people experience. Yet they were somewhat open to helping people grow by teaching them useful skills and trying to cure depression and epilepsy. Implications for practice, research or policy. To better help autistic people, we should listen to participants in this study. They called for improving society, building more spaces where autistic people feel comfortable and helping autistic people lead change. They warned against teaching autistic people to hide their autism. Critics of the neurodiversity movement should read this article to better understand what neurodiversity movement supporters believe. By taking time to learn from one another, we can work together to better support autistic people.

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Cited references
111
With a DOI
72
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
37
33 / 111 (29.7%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
33 / 111 (29.7%)
References with detected author names
78 / 111 (70.3%)
Without detected author names
33
Without a structured title
33
Without a stable identifier
37
References with raw author names still to review
33
References with external metadata lookup issues
1
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
235
From DOI or external metadata
235
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
34
137 / 235 (58.3%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 98 / 235 (41.7%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
51 / 235 (21.7%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 51 / 137 (37.2%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 30 / 191 (15.7%).
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