A Critical Realist Approach on Autism: Ontological and Epistemological Implications for Knowledge Production in Autism Research

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Kourti, M. (2021). A Critical Realist Approach on Autism: Ontological and Epistemological Implications for Knowledge Production in Autism Research. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 713423-713423. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.713423

Publication date: 23 Dec 2021 Added to AutiHub: 6 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
1
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 1 (100.0%)
  1. Marianthi Kourti *

Abstract

The ontological status of autism has been a subject of considerable debate and philosophical approaches of it have been recent and sparse. On the one hand, from its conception, autism has been historically heavily located in the fields of psychiatry, psychology and neuroscience, which often assume access to an "objective," neutral and infallible reality that is external to the research process and is based on the autistic person's biology and behavioural characteristics, which can be scientifically observed and studied. On the other, proponents of the neurodiversity movement argue against medicalised and pathologising approaches to autism and toward approaches that consider social constructions of autism and relations of power. The Critical Realist philosophy can help reconcile the two positions. Critical Realism conceptualises objectivity as a statement about an object, rather than a neutral and infallible reality. Consequently, Critical Realism suggests that access to reality can only occur through fallible theories. It also suggests that effective theorising goes beyond appearances and phenomena and may even contradict them, which can help challenge dominant behaviourist approaches on autism. I then explore how the tenets of Critical Realism can help strengthen autistic-led theories of autism, the arguments they make, as well as how they support the importance of community autism knowledge. Finally, I present how Critical Realism's approach to knowledge itself as well as the process of knowledge creation can strengthen autistic theorising, autistic participation in autism research and autistic emancipation. In the last part of the article, I explore how the concepts of Critical Realism apply to autistic sociability. I start with the debate between structure and agency, how Critical Realism reconciles this debate and the implications for autistic emancipation and autism research. I then present Critical Realism's process of critique and explanation, how they connect to human emancipation and how they can lead to impactful change in autism research by requiring clear links from research to practice, enhancing practices with strong theoretical underpinnings and thus aiding the aims of emancipatory autism research.

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Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 11:55.

Cited references
98
With a DOI
72
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
24
21 / 98 (21.4%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
14 / 98 (14.3%)
References with detected author names
96 / 98 (98.0%)
Without detected author names
2
Without a structured title
12
Without a stable identifier
22
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
158
From DOI or external metadata
158
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
0
77 / 158 (48.7%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 81 / 158 (51.3%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
31 / 158 (19.6%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 31 / 77 (40.3%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 23 / 128 (18.0%).
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