Facteurs sous-jacents aux différences de connaissances, de stigmate explicite et de biais implicites envers l'autisme à Hong Kong, au Royaume-Uni et aux États-Unis

Titre original en anglais : Factors underlying differences in knowledge, explicit stigma and implicit biases towards autism across Hong Kong, the United Kingdom and the United States

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Cheng, Y., Dwyer, P., & Keating, C. T. (2024). Factors underlying differences in knowledge, explicit stigma and implicit biases towards autism across Hong Kong, the United Kingdom and the United States. Autism, 29(4), 868-883. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613241290565

Date de publication: 02/11/2024 Ajout dans AutiHub: 05/07/2026 Type: Article Langue de l’article: Anglais
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Auteurs

Auteur·ices des publications
3
Auteur·ices de la publication identifié·es comme autistes
1 / 3 (33,3 %)
  1. Yulin Cheng
  2. Patrick Dwyer *
  3. Connor Tom Keating

Résumé

Une littérature croissante suggère qu'il existe une variation interculturelle des niveaux de stigmate lié à l'autisme, qui pourrait être partiellement expliquée par des différences d'orientation culturelle ou de connaissances liées à l'autisme entre les pays. Cette littérature s'est fortement appuyée sur des mesures d'autoévaluation des attitudes explicites envers l'autisme ; peu de recherches ont examiné les biais implicites et la question de savoir si ces biais implicites varient selon les cultures. Ainsi, nous avions ici deux objectifs : (1) évaluer la contribution des connaissances et de l'orientation culturelle au stigmate explicite comme aux biais implicites, et (2) comparer les connaissances liées à l'autisme, le stigmate explicite et les biais implicites chez des étudiants universitaires à Hong Kong (n = 119), au Royaume-Uni (n = 120) et aux États-Unis (n = 122). En reproduisant des travaux antérieurs, nous avons constaté que le stigmate explicite était prédit par des connaissances moins exactes, un collectivisme horizontal plus faible, un individualisme vertical plus élevé et des biais implicites plus élevés. Les biais implicites étaient directement prédits par l'âge et le stigmate explicite, et indirectement prédits par l'individualisme vertical (positivement) et le collectivisme horizontal (négativement) par l'intermédiaire du stigmate explicite. Les connaissances et le stigmate explicite différaient selon les pays, même après prise en compte des covariables : les étudiants à Hong Kong présentaient des connaissances moins exactes et un stigmate explicite plus élevé envers l'autisme que ceux du Royaume-Uni et des États-Unis. Cependant, les biais implicites ne différaient pas entre les pays. Résumé grand public Les attitudes envers l'autisme varient selon les pays. Une partie de cette variation pourrait refléter des différences de valeurs culturelles entre les pays, ou des différences dans le niveau de connaissances des personnes concernant l'autisme. Jusqu'à présent, la plupart des recherches sur ce sujet ont interrogé directement les personnes sur leurs attitudes envers les interactions avec des personnes autistes. Par conséquent, nous comprenons peu pourquoi certaines personnes entretiennent inconsciemment des attitudes négatives envers l'autisme, et si ces attitudes inconscientes varient selon les pays. Nous avons étudié les attitudes explicites (disposition à interagir), les attitudes implicites (croyances inconscientes), les connaissances sur l'autisme et les valeurs culturelles chez des étudiants universitaires de Hong Kong, du Royaume-Uni et des États-Unis. Nous avons constaté que les personnes étaient moins disposées à interagir avec des personnes autistes si elles en savaient moins sur l'autisme, adhéraient à une société compétitive et hiérarchique (« individualisme vertical »), ne se percevaient pas comme faisant partie d'un collectif dont les membres sont égaux (moins de « collectivisme horizontal »), et si elles associaient inconsciemment l'autisme à des attributs négatifs. Les étudiants à Hong Kong étaient moins disposés à interagir avec des personnes autistes et avaient une compréhension moindre de l'autisme par rapport à ceux du Royaume-Uni et des États-Unis. Les biais inconscients ne différaient pas selon les pays. Nos résultats soulignent la nécessité de combattre les idées fausses sur l'autisme afin d'améliorer les attitudes envers les personnes autistes, particulièrement à Hong Kong. Malheureusement, nos résultats suggèrent que l'acquisition de connaissances plus exactes pourrait ne pas être suffisante pour modifier les biais inconscients. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour déterminer les facteurs sous-jacents aux biais inconscients.

A growing literature suggests that there is cross-cultural variation in levels of autism-related stigma, which may partially be explained by differences in cultural orientation or autism-related knowledge between countries. This literature has relied heavily on self-report measures of explicit attitudes towards autism; little research has examined implicit biases, and whether these implicit biases vary across cultures. Thus, here we had two aims: (1) to assess the contribution of knowledge and cultural orientation to both explicit stigma and implicit biases, and (2) to compare autism-related knowledge, explicit stigma, and implicit biases across university students in Hong Kong ( n = 119), the United Kingdom ( n = 120), and the United States ( n = 122). Replicating prior work, we found that explicit stigma was predicted by less accurate knowledge, lower horizontal collectivism, greater vertical individualism, and higher implicit biases. Implicit biases were directly predicted by age and explicit stigma, and indirectly predicted by vertical individualism (positively) and horizontal collectivism (negatively) via explicit stigma. Knowledge and explicit stigma differed across countries, even after accounting for covariates: students in Hong Kong displayed less accurate knowledge, and higher explicit stigma towards autism, than those in the United Kingdom and United States. However, implicit biases did not differ between countries. Lay abstract Attitudes towards autism vary across countries. Some of this variation could reflect differences in cultural values across countries, or differences in how much people know about autism. Until now, most research on this topic has asked people directly about their attitudes towards interacting with autistic people. As a result, we understand little about why some people unconsciously hold negative attitudes towards autism, and whether these unconscious attitudes vary across countries. We studied explicit attitudes (willingness to interact), implicit attitudes (unconscious beliefs), knowledge about autism, and cultural values in university students from Hong Kong, the United Kingdom and the United States. We found that people were less willing to interact with autistic people if they knew less about autism, aligned with a competitive and hierarchical society (‘vertical individualism’), did not see themselves as part of a collective whose members are equal (less ‘horizontal collectivism’), and if they unconcsciously associated autism with negative attributes. Students in Hong Kong were less willing to interact with autistic people and had less understanding of autism compared to those in the United Kingdom and the United States. Unconscious biases did not differ across countries. Our findings highlight the need to combat misconceptions about autism to improve attitudes towards autistic people, especially in Hong Kong. Unfortunately, our results suggest that acquiring more accurate knowledge may not be sufficient to alter unconscious biases. Further research is needed to determine the factors underlying unconscious biases.

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Références citées
100
Nombre total de références citées intégrées pour cette publication.
Références citées avec un·e auteur·ice identifié·e comme autiste
11 / 100 (11,0 %)
Occurrences d’auteur·ices cité·es identifié·es comme autistes
14 / 368 (3,8 %)
Parmi les occurrences rattachées à des auteurices intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub : 14 / 149 (9,4 %). Auteurices cité·es distinct·es identifié·es comme autistes : 10 / 284 (3,5 %).
Occurrences citées rattachées à la base AutiHub
149 / 368 (40,5 %)
Auteurices cité·es distinct·es rattaché·es : 78 / 284 (27,5 %)
Occurrences rattachées, non identifiées comme autistes
135 / 149 (90,6 %)
Parmi les seules occurrences rattachées. Sur l’ensemble des occurrences d’auteurices cité·es : 135 / 368 (36,7 %). Auteurices cité·es distinct·es rattaché·es, non identifié·es comme autistes : 68 / 78 (87,2 %).
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