Burnout as experienced by autistic people: A systematic review

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

Ali, D., Bougoure, M., Cooper, B., Quinton, A. M. G., Tan, D., Brett, J., Mandy, W., Maybery, M., Magiati, I., & Happé, F. (2025). Burnout as experienced by autistic people: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 122, 102669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102669

Publication date: 4 Nov 2025 Added to AutiHub: 14 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
10
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 10 (10.0%)
  1. Dorota Ali *
  2. Mackenzie Bougoure
  3. Brodie Cooper
  4. Alice M. G. Quinton
  5. Diana Tan
  1. Jack Brett
  2. Will Mandy
  3. Murray Maybery
  4. Iliana Magiati
  5. Francesca Happé

Abstract

'Autistic burnout' is described as a debilitating state of exhaustion experienced by autistic people due to living in a world that often lacks accommodations and understanding of their needs. This systematic review thematically synthesised research on how autistic people understand and experience burnout. We reviewed 48 studies (30 qualitative, seven quantitative, and 11 mixed methods), which included approximately 4000 autistic people, predominantly featuring White, female, late-diagnosed autistic adults with at least average intellectual and/or verbal abilities. Our findings suggest that burnout, as experienced by these autistic people, consisted of debilitating exhaustion and increased disability, which could be chronic with intermittent crises. Sensory and social overwhelm, camouflaging, ignorance and stigma, everyday life challenges, and alexithymia contributed to burnout. Burnout held negative consequences for health and well-being, community involvement, and maintaining hope for the future. Having a more accurate framework for self-understanding, meeting the needs for rest, solitude, and sensory relief, and having individual and community support helped with recovery. Addressing burnout effectively will require individual coping strategies, clinical recognition, and broader societal awareness and acceptance of supporting diverse needs and ways of being. Future research should investigate burnout and its associated factors in more representative autistic samples.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 19 Sep 2026 01:01.

Cited references
105
With a DOI
86
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
19
31 / 105 (29.5%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
0 / 105 (0.0%)
References with detected author names
105 / 105 (100.0%)
Without detected author names
0
Without a structured title
0
Without a stable identifier
19
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
445
From DOI or external metadata
445
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
0
236 / 445 (53.0%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 209 / 445 (47.0%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
71 / 445 (16.0%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 71 / 236 (30.1%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 50 / 384 (13.0%).
  1. Nancy Cheak‐Zamora , Michelle Teti , Jennifer First (2015). ‘Transitions are Scary for our Kids, and They're Scary for us’: Family Member and Youth Perspectives on the Challenges of Transitioning to Adulthood with Autism . Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 28(6), 548-560. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jar.12150 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1973951941
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Miles G. Taylor , Dawn C. Carr , Rebekah Carpenter , Amélie Quesnel-Vallée (2024). Work and income instability and retirement financial wellbeing for women and men . Journal of Women & Aging, 36(3), 197-209. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2023.2286846 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4390775976
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Renzo Bianchi , Didier Truchot , Eric Laurent , Romain Brisson , Irvin Sam Schonfeld (2014). Is burnout solely job‐related? A critical comment . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 55(4), 357-361. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12119 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1998632768
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Laura Albantakis , Marie-Luise Brandi , Imme Christina Zillekens , Lara Henco , Leonie Weindel , Hanna Thaler et al. (2020). Alexithymic and autistic traits: Relevance for comorbid depression and social phobia in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 24(8), 2046-2056. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320936024 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3043119559
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Lynn H. Doyle (2003). Synthesis through meta-ethnography: paradoxes, enhancements, and possibilities . Qualitative Research, 3(3), 321-344. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1468794103033003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2046152609
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Ambitious About Autism (2021). When will we learn? Lost learning report .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  9. Christie Welch , Deb Cameron , Margaret Fitch , Helene Polatajko (2021). Living in autistic bodies: bloggers discuss movement control and arousal regulation . Disability and Rehabilitation, 43(22), 3159-3167. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1729872 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3008924182
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Mike Oliver (2013). The social model of disability: thirty years on . Disability & Society, 28(7), 1024-1026. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2013.818773 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2087269573
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Maria C. W. Peeters , Anthony J. Montgomery , Arnold B. Bakker , Wilmar B. Schaufeli (2005). Balancing Work and Home: How Job and Home Demands Are Related to Burnout. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 43-61. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.43 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2105311544
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. J. Graham Thomas , Angela Harden (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews . BMC Med Res Methodol, 8(1), 45. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-8-45 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2109305774
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Joy Benatov , Ella Sarel Mahlev , Shahar Bar Yehuda (2026). Camouflage, Burnout-Exhaustion, and Depression in Autistic Adults . Autism in Adulthood, 8(4), 801-808. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2024.0147 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4406497248
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Evelien P. M. Brouwers , Michel Bergijk , Jaap van Weeghel , Sarah Detaille , Jeroen Dewinter (2024). What is the Meaning of Paid Employment for Well-Being? A Focus Group Study on Differences and Similarities Between Autistic Adults With and Without Employment . Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 34(2), 415-424. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10926-023-10136-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4387012155
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. T. Tavassoli , Lucy J Miller , Sarah A Schoen , Darci M Nielsen , Simon Baron-Cohen (2014). Sensory over-responsivity in adults with autism spectrum conditions . Autism, 18(4), 428-432. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361313477246 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2153654111
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Quan Nha Hong , Pierre Pluye , Mathieu Bujold , Maggy Wassef (2017). Convergent and sequential synthesis designs: implications for conducting and reporting systematic reviews of qualitative and quantitative evidence . Systematic Reviews, 6(1), 61. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0454-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2599225410
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Lucy A Livingston , Francesca Happé (2017). Conceptualising compensation in neurodevelopmental disorders: Reflections from autism spectrum disorder . Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 729-742. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2714476989
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Bhaskar (2008). A realist theory of science .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  26. David Preece , Rodrigo Becerra , Alfred Allan , Ken Robinson , Justine Dandy (2017). Establishing the theoretical components of alexithymia via factor analysis: Introduction and validation of the attention-appraisal model of alexithymia . Personality and Individual Differences, 119(119), 341-352. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2744994719
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Siw Waffenschmidt , Marco Knelangen , Wiebke Sieben , Stefanie Bühn , Dawid Pieper (2019). Single screening versus conventional double screening for study selection in systematic reviews: a methodological systematic review . BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(1), 132. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s12874-019-0782-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2955273711
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Carol Chu , Jennifer M. Buchman-Schmitt , Ian H. Stanley , Melanie A. Hom , Raymond P. Tucker , Christopher R. Hagan et al. (2017). The interpersonal theory of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research. Psychological Bulletin, 143(12), 1313-1345. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/bul0000123 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2766751125
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Connie Mosher Syharat , Alexandra Hain , Arash E. Zaghi , Rachael Gabriel , Catherine G. P. Berdanier (2023). Experiences of neurodivergent students in graduate STEM programs . Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1149068-1149068. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1149068 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4380997722
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Catherine D. Tan (2018). “I'm a normal autistic person, not an abnormal neurotypical”: Autism Spectrum Disorder diagnosis as biographical illumination . Social Science & Medicine, 197, 161-167. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.008 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2774655211
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Laura Hull , Will Mandy , Meng-Chuan Lai , Simon Baron-Cohen , Carrie Allison , Paula Smith et al. (2019). Development and validation of the camouflaging autistic traits questionnaire (CAT-Q) . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(3), 819. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3792-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2898221520
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Mackenzie Bougoure , Sici Zhuang , Jack Brett , Murray Maybery , Michael C. W. English , Diana Tan et al. (2026). Measuring autistic burnout: A psychometric validation of the AASPIRE autistic burnout measure in autistic adults . Autism, 30(1), 20-36. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613251355255 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4412590194
    Crossref OpenAlex
  37. Jane Mantzalas , Amanda L Richdale , Cheryl Dissanayake (2022). A conceptual model of risk and protective factors for autistic burnout . Autism Research, 15(6), 976. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2722 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4223610474
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. Emma Kinnaird , Catherine Stewart , Kate Tchanturia (2019). Investigating alexithymia in autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis . European Psychiatry, 55, 80-89. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.09.004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2899269258
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Louise Bradley , Rebecca Shaw , Simon Baron-Cohen , Sarah Cassidy (2021). Autistic Adults' Experiences of Camouflaging and Its Perceived Impact on Mental Health . Autism in Adulthood, 3(4), 320-329. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2020.0071 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3170765972
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Paul Gorski , Stacy Lopresti-Goodman , Dallas Rising (2019). “Nobody’s paying me to cry”: the causes of activist burnout in United States animal rights activists . Social Movement Studies, 18(3), 364-380. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/14742837.2018.1561260 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2906310050
    OpenAlex
  42. Karsten Ingmar Paul , Hannah Scholl , Klaus Moser , Andrea Zechmann , Bernad Batinic (2023). Employment status, psychological needs, and mental health: Meta-analytic findings concerning the latent deprivation model . Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1017358-1017358. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1017358 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4322773205
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Dori Zener (2019). Helping autistic women thrive . Advances in Autism, 5(3), 143-156. Emerald.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1108/aia-10-2018-0042 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2922882923
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Evelien P. M. Brouwers , Michel Bergijk , Jaap van Weeghel , Sarah Detaille , Hanneke Kerkhof , Jeroen Dewinter (2025). Barriers to and Facilitators for Finding and Keeping Competitive Employment: A Focus Group Study on Autistic Adults With and Without Paid Employment . Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 35(1), 54-65. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10926-024-10181-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4393898786
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. Ryan M. Hill , Maja Katusic (2020). Examining suicide risk in individuals with autism spectrum disorder via the interpersonal theory of suicide: clinical insights and recommendations . Children's Health Care, 49(4), 472-492. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/02739615.2020.1741360 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3011697805
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Eilidh Cage , Ellie McManemy (2022). Burnt Out and Dropping Out: A Comparison of the Experiences of Autistic and Non-autistic Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic . Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 792945-792945. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.792945 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4205965584
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Megan M. Clarey , Susan Abel , Michael J. Ireland , Charlotte Brownlow (2026). Autistic Burnout on Reddit: A Sisyphean Struggle with Daily Tasks . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 56(7), 2790-2802. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-025-06765-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4407859399
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Wendy Lawson * (2020). Adaptive Morphing and Coping with Social Threat in Autism: An Autistic Perspective . Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment, 8(3), 519-526. Lifescience Global.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.6000/2292-2598.2020.08.03.29 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3089250252
    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  53. Susanna Crowson , Daniel Poole , Kelly Scargill , Megan Freeth (2024). Understanding the post-diagnostic support priorities of autistic adults in the United Kingdom: A co-produced modified Delphi study . Autism, 28(4), 854-865. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613231196805 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4387210032
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Emma McPeake , Kristopher Lamore , Emilie Boujut , Joelle El Khoury , Catherine Pellenq , Marie-Hélène Plumet et al. (2023). “I just need a little more support”: A thematic analysis of autistic students’ experience of university in France . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 105, 102172. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102172 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4375846756
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Irina Guseva Canu , Sandy Carla Marca , Francesca Dell'Oro , Ádám Balázs , Enrico Bergamaschi , Christine Besse et al. (2021). Harmonized definition of occupational burnout: A systematic review, semantic analysis, and Delphi consensus in 29 countries . Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 47(2), 95-107. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3935 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3108073223
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  56. Cundill (2023). The accessibility of online, asynchronous, focus groups with autistic participants . Good Autism Practice, 24(1), 66.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  59. Department for Work , Pensions (2024). The Buckland review of autism employment: Report and recommendations (ISBN 978–1–78659-625-3) .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  61. Patrick Dwyer * (2022). Stigma, Incommensurability, or Both? Pathology-First, Person-First, and Identity-First Language and the Challenges of Discourse in Divided Autism Communities . Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 43(2), 111-113. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001054 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4206529449
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. Louise Maree White , Dawn Adams , Kate Simpson , Stephanie A. Malone (2025). Transitioning on from Secondary School for Autistic Students: A Systematic Review . Autism in Adulthood, 7(4), 386-402. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2023.0193 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4396678267
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  64. Ghanouni (2021). Utilization of health services among adults with autism spectrum disorders: Stakeholders' experiences . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 119.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  66. Anna Pyszkowska , Tomasz Gąsior , Franciszek Stefanek , Barbara Więzik (2023). Determinants of escapism in adult video gamers with autism spectrum conditions: The role of affect, autistic burnout, and gaming motivation . Computers in Human Behavior, 141, 107618. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107618 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4311968575
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  68. Jessica Rebbettes , Alison M. Bacon (2025). A Qualitative Exploration of Self-Harm Among Autistic Women . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-025-06955-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4412492024
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  69. Jasmine Phung , Melanie Penner , Clémentine Pirlot , Christie Welch (2021). What I Wish You Knew: Insights on Burnout, Inertia, Meltdown, and Shutdown From Autistic Youth . Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 741421-741421. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.741421 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3210845099
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  70. Grove (2024). “Nothing about us, without us”: Research priorities for autistic girls, women and gender diverse people in Australia . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  71. Haar (2024). ‘We have so much to offer’: Community members’ perspectives on autism research . Autism.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  72. Harrold (2024). The association between sensory processing and stress in the adult population: A systematic review. Applied psychology . Health and WWell-being, 16(4), 2536.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  74. Yosheen Pillay , Charlotte Brownlow , Sonja March (2022). Transition approaches for autistic young adults: A case series study . PLOS ONE, 17(5), e0267942. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267942 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4229080735
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  75. Arsenio Paez (2017). Gray literature: An important resource in systematic reviews . Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 10(3), 233-240. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12266 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4234473732
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  76. Tim Nicholls (2025). Shrinking the autism employment gap: Finding out what really works . Autism, 29(3), 551-553. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613241310926 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4406002926
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  78. Pardis Jahandideh , Homa Seyedmirzaei , Pegah Rasoulian , Amirhossein Memari (2026). Low Battery Alarm; A Scoping Review of Autistic Burnout . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 56(10), 3931-3951. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-025-06860-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4410057061
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  80. Josyfon (2023). Alexithymia in adult autism clinic service-users: Relationships with sensory processing differences and mental health . Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 11(24), 3114.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  81. Kapp (2020). Autistic community and the neurodiversity movement: Stories from the frontline .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  83. Nancy Raitano Lee , Goldie A. McQuaid , Hannah E. Grosman , Sanjana Jayaram , Gregory L. Wallace (2024). Vocational Outcomes in ASD: An Examination of Work Readiness Skills as well as Barriers and Facilitators to Employment Identified by Autistic Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 54(2), 477-490. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05804-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4309634530
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  84. Keville (2021). Mothers’ perspectives of co-occurring fatigue in children with autism spectrum disorders . Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior, 9(4), 209.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  85. Vladimír Koša , Elena Lisá (2025). The role of meaningful work and workplace attachment styles in predicting entrepreneurial well-being: insights from a structured sales network . Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1554683-1554683. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1554683 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4410453477
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  86. John H. Ward , Elizabeth M Weir , Carrie Allison , Simon Baron-Cohen (2023). Increased rates of chronic physical health conditions across all organ systems in autistic adolescents and adults . Molecular Autism, 14(1), 35. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-023-00565-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4386892471
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  87. Elinda Ai Lim Lee , Joseph Alexander Carpini , Michał T. Tomczak , Tanya Picen , Tele Tan , Bradley Vinci et al. (2026). “At Home with My Sausage Dog”: Extending the Job Demands-Resources Model to Autistic Employees Working Flexibly . Autism in Adulthood, 8(5), 970-988. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2024.0130 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4410404473
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  88. Jakob Clason van de Leur , Filip Jovicic , Andreas Åhslund , Lance M. McCracken , Monica Buhrman (2024). Psychological Treatment of Exhaustion Due to Persistent Non-Traumatic Stress: A Scoping Review . International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31(2), 175-191. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s12529-023-10185-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4380363485
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  89. Gregor Wolbring , Aspen Lillywhite (2023). Burnout through the Lenses of Equity/Equality, Diversity and Inclusion and Disabled People: A Scoping Review . Societies, 13(5), 131. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/soc13050131 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4377290360
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  90. Jane Mantzalas , Amanda L Richdale , Xia Li , Cheryl Dissanayake (2024). Measuring and validating autistic burnout . Autism Research, 17(7), 1417-1449. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.3129 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4395466672
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  91. Ritwika Vinayagam , Christopher Tanner , David Harley , Shamshad Karatela , Katie Brooker (2024). “My Autism is Linked with Everything”: At the Crossroads of Autism and Diabetes . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 54(8), 3122. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06033-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4385074773
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  92. McGuinness (2021). An evaluation of a tool, based on spoon theory, to promote self-regulation and avoidance of burnout in autistic children and young people . Good Autism Practice, 22(1), 59.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  94. Merrington (2024). What matters Most? An exploration of quality of life through the everyday experiences of autistic young people and adults . Autism in Adulthood, Ahead of Print..
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  95. Miserandino (2017). The spoon theory .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  96. S. Petty , Shauna Lambarth , L. G. Hamilton (2025). Rethinking anxiety and depression for autistic adults through personal narratives: A mixed‐method analysis of blog data . Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 25(1). Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/capr.12729 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4389200827
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  97. Netta Weinstein , Matti Vuorre , Mark Adams , Thuy-vy Nguyen (2023). Balance between solitude and socializing: everyday solitude time both benefits and harms well-being . Scientific Reports, 13(1), 21160. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44507-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4389338933
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  98. Page (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews . British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.), 372.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  99. Laura J. Smethurst , Andrew R. Thompson , Megan Freeth (2025). “I’ve absolutely reached rock bottom and have no energy”: The lived experience of unemployed and underemployed autistic adults . Autism in Adulthood, 7(5), 638-649. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2023.0171 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4399130679
    Crossref OpenAlex
  100. Claire M. Brown , Victoria Newell , Ensu Sahin , Darren Hedley (2024). Updated Systematic Review of Suicide in Autism: 2018–2024 . Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 11(4), 225-256. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40474-024-00308-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4402498229
    OpenAlex
  101. Maira Tafolla , Catherine Lord (2024). Longitudinal Analyses of Mental Health in Autistic Individuals: A Systematic Review . Brain Sciences, 14(10), 1033. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14101033 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4403515754
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  102. Pyszkowska (2024). It is more anxiousness than role-playing: Social camouflaging conceptualization among adults on the autism Spectrum compared to persons with social anxiety disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  103. Schoondermark (2024). Evaluating an autistic burnout measurement in women . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  104. Tomczak (2023). Toward an understanding of occupational burnout among employees with autism - the job demands-resources theory perspective . Current Psychology, 1.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  105. World Health Organization (2019). Burn-out an “occupational phenomenon”: International classification of diseases .
    Type: Other
    Crossref