Psychosocial factors associated with camouflaging in autistic people and its relationship with mental health and well-being: A mixed methods systematic review

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref PubMed OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

Zhuang, S., Tan, D., Reddrop, S., Dean, L., Maybery, M., & Magiati, I. (2023). Psychosocial factors associated with camouflaging in autistic people and its relationship with mental health and well-being: A mixed methods systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 105, Article 102335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102335

Publication date: 13 Sep 2023 Added to AutiHub: 30 Aug 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
6
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 6 (16.7%)
  1. Sici Zhuang
  2. Diana Tan
  3. Susan Reddrop
  1. Lydia Dean *
  2. Murray Maybery
  3. Iliana Magiati

Abstract

Camouflaging involves hiding one's autistic characteristics in social situations. This mixed methods systematic review synthesized research on psychosocial factors associated with camouflaging and its relationship with mental well-being. Six databases were searched. The 58 included studies (40 qualitative, 13 quantitative, five mixed methods), encompassed 4808 autistic and 1780 non-autistic participants, and predominantly featured White, female, and late-diagnosed autistic adults with likely at least average intellectual and/or verbal abilities. Following a convergent integrated approach, quantitative data were transformed and synthesized with qualitative data for thematic synthesis. We identified three themes on psychosocial correlates of camouflaging: (1) social norms and pressures of a largely non-autistic world, (2) social acceptance and rejection, and (3) self-esteem and identity; and four themes on psychosocial consequences of camouflaging for well-being: (1) a pragmatic way of exerting individual agency and control; (2) overlooked, under-supported, and burnt out; (3) impact on social relationships; and (4) low self-esteem and identity confusion. Camouflaging emerges as primarily a socially motivated response linked to adverse psychosocial outcomes. A whole society approach towards acceptance and support for autistic individuals to express their authentic selves is needed. Future studies examining psychosocial influences on camouflaging should include participants who more broadly represent the autistic population.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 28 Oct 2026 01:01.

Cited references
139
With a DOI
117
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
21
25 / 139 (18.0%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
0 / 139 (0.0%)
References with detected author names
139 / 139 (100.0%)
Without detected author names
0
Without a structured title
0
Without a stable identifier
19
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
501
From DOI or external metadata
501
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
0
293 / 501 (58.5%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 208 / 501 (41.5%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
35 / 501 (7.0%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 35 / 293 (11.9%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 28 / 390 (7.2%).
  1. Patricia Howlin , Philippa Moss (2012). Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders . The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(5), 275-283. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/070674371205700502 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W14179519
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. Wei Ai , William A. Cunningham , Meng-Chuan Lai (2022). Reconsidering autistic ‘camouflaging’ as transactional impression management . Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(8), 631-645. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.05.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4281707972
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. George L. Engel (1977). The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine . Science, 196(4286), 129-136. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1126/science.847460 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2151186028
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Jason W. Crabtree , S. Alexander Haslam , Tom Postmes , Catherine Haslam (2010). Mental Health Support Groups, Stigma, and Self-Esteem: Positive and Negative Implications of Group Identification . Journal of Social Issues, 66(3), 553-569. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01662.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1586339292
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Clare Sarah Allely (2019). Understanding and recognising the female phenotype of autism spectrum disorder and the “camouflage” hypothesis: a systematic PRISMA review . Advances in Autism, 5(1), 14-37. Emerald.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1108/aia-09-2018-0036 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2906540201
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Sarah Griffiths , C. Allison , Rebecca Kenny , R. Holt , P. Smith , S. Baron-Cohen (2019). The Vulnerability Experiences Quotient (VEQ): A Study of Vulnerability, Mental Health and Life Satisfaction in Autistic Adults . Autism Research, 12(10), 1516-1528. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2162 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2949176131
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Ross Vasta (1992). Six Theories of Child Development: Revised Formulations and Current Issues .
    Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1603037869
    OpenAlex
  8. American Psychological Association (2012). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . SpringerReference, 5. Springer-Verlag.
    Type: Other DOI: 10.1007/springerreference_121117 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1604476085
    Crossref OpenAlex
  9. Eilidh Cage , Jessica Di Monaco , Victoria Newell (2019). Understanding, attitudes and dehumanisation towards autistic people . Autism, 23(6), 1373-1383. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318811290 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2901663576
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. James Anderson , Charles Marley , Karri Gillespie-Smith , Leonie Carter , Ken MacMahon (2020). When the mask comes off: Mothers’ experiences of parenting a daughter with autism spectrum condition . Autism, 24(6), 1546-1556. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320913668 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3019947059
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Kirsten Krabek Frantzen , Michael D. Fetters (2016). Meta-integration for synthesizing data in a systematic mixed studies review: insights from research on autism spectrum disorder . Quality & Quantity, 50(5), 2251-2277. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s11135-015-0261-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1927760412
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Henry Angulo , Michelle C. Chan , Laura S. DeThorne (2019). Life Is a Stage: Autistic Perspectives on Neurotypicality . Autism in Adulthood, 1(4), 276-285. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2019.0024 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2983176134
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Quan Nha Hong , Sergi Fàbregues , Gillian Bartlett , Felicity Boardman , Margaret Cargo , Pierre Dagenais et al. (2018). The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers . Education for Information, 34(4), 285-291. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3233/efi-180221 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2901724277
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Christophe Maïano , Claude L Normand , Marie‐Claude Salvas , Grégory Moullec , Annie Aimé (2016). Prevalence of School Bullying Among Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis . Autism Research, 9(6), 601-615. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.1568 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1942667353
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Tony Attwood * (2007). The complete guide to Aspergers syndrome . Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.5040/9781805014300 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4403640964
    Crossref
  20. Joyce Davidson , Victoria L. Henderson (2010). ‘Coming out’ on the spectrum: autism, identity and disclosure . Social & Cultural Geography, 11(2), 155-170. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/14649360903525240 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1989287842
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Baron-Cohen (2011). The empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory of autism: A cognitive developmental account .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  22. Alexandra Leedham , Andrew R. Thompson , Richard Smith , Megan Freeth (2020). ‘I was exhausted trying to figure it out’: The experiences of females receiving an autism diagnosis in middle to late adulthood . Autism, 24(1), 135-146. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319853442 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2947577397
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Gael I. Orsmond , Paul Shattuck , Benjamin P. Cooper , Paul R. Sterzing , Kristy A. Anderson (2013). Social Participation Among Young Adults with an Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(11), 2710-2719. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1833-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2064000989
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Jonathan S Beck , Rebecca A Lundwall , Terisa Gabrielsen , Jonathan C Cox , Mikle South (2020). Looking good but feeling bad: “Camouflaging” behaviors and mental health in women with autistic traits . Autism, 24(4), 809-821. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320912147 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3028258828
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Eilidh Cage , Zoe Troxell-Whitman (2020). Understanding the Relationships Between Autistic Identity, Disclosure, and Camouflaging . Autism in Adulthood, 2(4), 334-338. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2020.0016 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3073966041
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. J. Sidney Shrauger , Thomas J. Schoeneman (1979). Symbolic interactionist view of self-concept: Through the looking glass darkly. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 549-573. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.549 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2077925597
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Hannah Belcher * , Sharon Morein-Zamir , William Mandy , Ruth M. Ford (2022). Camouflaging Intent, First Impressions, and Age of ASC Diagnosis in Autistic Men and Women . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(8), 3413-3426. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05221-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3192730527
    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Ru Ying Cai , Lydia Brown (2021). Cultivating Self-Compassion to Improve Mental Health in Autistic Adults . Autism in Adulthood, 3(3), 230-237. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2020.0034 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3099379344
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Joseph Henrich , Steven J. Heine , Ara Norenzayan (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2-3), 61-83. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0999152x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2085876742
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Courtney J. Bernardin , Erica Mason , Timothy Lewis , Stephen Kanne (2021). “You Must Become a Chameleon to Survive”: Adolescent Experiences of Camouflaging . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(12), 4422-4435. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04912-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3133279330
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Siobhan Tierney , Jan Burns , Elizabeth Kilbey (2016). Looking behind the mask: Social coping strategies of girls on the autistic spectrum . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23(Suppl. C), 73-83. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2015.11.013 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2252057154
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Iliana Magiati , Xiang Wei Tay , Patricia Howlin (2014). Cognitive, language, social and behavioural outcomes in adults with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review of longitudinal follow-up studies in adulthood . Clinical Psychology Review, 34(1), 73-86. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.11.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2089468865
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Coralie Chevallier , Gregor Kohls , Vanessa Troiani , Edward S. Brodkin , Robert Schultz (2012). The social motivation theory of autism . Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(4), 231-239. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.02.007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2091028497
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Anna Cook , Jane Ogden , Naomi Winstone (2018). Friendship motivations, challenges and the role of masking for girls with autism in contrasting school settings . European Journal of Special Needs Education, 33(3), 1. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/08856257.2017.1312797 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2607052951
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. Lisa A. Croen , Ousseny Zerbo , Yinge Qian , Maria L Massolo , Steve Rich , Stephen Sidney et al. (2015). The health status of adults on the autism spectrum . Autism, 19(7), 814-823. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361315577517 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2108322879
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. James Thomas , Angela Harden (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews . BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8(1), 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-8-45 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2109305774
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. *Boyle (2021). An investigation into camouflaging behavior in pupils with autism spectrum disorder and its impact on their education, from the perspective of their parents .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  42. Michael C. W. English , Gilles E. Gignac , Troy A. W. Visser , Andrew Whitehouse , James T. Enns , Murray Maybery (2021). The Comprehensive Autistic Trait Inventory (CATI): development and validation of a new measure of autistic traits in the general population . Molecular Autism, 12(1), 37. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00445-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3160266596
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Neil Humphrey , Sarah Lewis (2008). `Make me normal' . Autism, 12(1), 23-46. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361307085267 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2119717901
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Louise Bradley , Rebecca Shaw , S. Baron-Cohen , Sarah Cassidy (2021). Autistic Adults' Experiences of Camouflaging and Its Perceived Impact on Mental Health . Autism in Adulthood, 3(4), 320-329. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2020.0071 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3170765972
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. Lucy A Livingston , Punit Shah , Francesca Happé (2019). Compensation in autism is not consistent with social motivation theory . Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 42, 32. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x18002388 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2963064544
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. Meng-Chuan Lai , S. Baron-Cohen (2015). Identifying the lost generation of adults with autism spectrum conditions . The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(11), 1013-1027. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00277-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2128937542
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis . Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589-597. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/2159676x.2019.1628806 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2950504429
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Bronfenbrenner (1992). Ecological systems theory .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  50. M. Heyvaert , B. Maes , P. Onghena (2013). Mixed methods research synthesis: definition, framework, and potential . Quality & Quantity, 47(2), 659-676. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s11135-011-9538-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2153885953
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Ella Perry , William Mandy , Laura Hull , Eilidh Cage (2022). Understanding Camouflaging as a Response to Autism-Related Stigma: A Social Identity Theory Approach . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(2), 800-810. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04987-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3150043110
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  53. Elizabeth Sheppard , Dhanya Pillai , Genevieve Tze-Lynn Wong , Danielle Ropar , Peter Mitchell (2016). How Easy is it to Read the Minds of People with Autism Spectrum Disorder? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(4), 1247-1254. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2662-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2175842555
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Eilidh Cage , Jessica Di Monaco , Victoria Newell (2018). Experiences of Autism Acceptance and Mental Health in Autistic Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(2), 473-484. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3342-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2766434912
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Lucy A Livingston , Francesca Happé (2017). Conceptualising compensation in neurodevelopmental disorders: Reflections from autism spectrum disorder . Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 729-742. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2714476989
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  56. Lorcan Kenny , Caroline Hattersley , Bonnie Molins , Carole Buckley , Carol Povey , Elizabeth Pellicano (2016). Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community . Autism, 20(4), 442-462. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361315588200 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2227393071
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Eilidh Cage , Zoe Troxell-Whitman (2019). Understanding the Reasons, Contexts and Costs of Camouflaging for Autistic Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1899-1911. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-03878-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2909219349
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  58. George H. Carter (1969). Identity—Youth and Crisis . Psychosomatic Medicine, 31(1), 88-89. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/00006842-196901000-00012 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2335754293
    OpenAlex
  59. Gosvāmī, Ushā (2010). The Wiley‐Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development . Wiley.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.1002/9781444325485 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2486871835
    OpenAlex
  60. Emeline Han , Katrina Scior , Katerina Avramides , Laura Crane (2022). A systematic review on autistic people's experiences of stigma and coping strategies . Autism Research, 15(1), 12-26. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2652 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4200200179
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  61. Sarah Cassidy , Louise Bradley , Rebecca Shaw , S. Baron-Cohen (2018). Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults . Molecular Autism, 9(1), 42. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2887488849
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. Rosanna Edey , Jennifer Cook , Rebecca Brewer , Mark H. Johnson , Geoffrey Bird , Clare Press (2016). Interaction takes two: Typical adults exhibit mind-blindness towards those with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(7), 879-885. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/abn0000199 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2517906838
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  64. *Cassidy (2021). Is camouflaging autistic traits associated with defeat, entrapment and suicidal thoughts? Expanding the integrated motivational volitional model of suicide [Manuscript submitted for publication] .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  65. Noah Sasson , Daniel J Faso , Jack Nugent , Sarah Lovell , Daniel P. Kennedy , Ruth B. Grossman (2017). Neurotypical Peers are Less Willing to Interact with Those with Autism based on Thin Slice Judgments . Scientific Reports, 7(1), 40700. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/srep40700 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2585989266
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  66. Meng-Chuan Lai , Michael Lombardo , Amber Ruigrok , Bhismadev Chakrabarti , Bonnie Auyeung , Peter Szatmari et al. (2017). Quantifying and exploring camouflaging in men and women with autism . Autism, 21(6), 690-702. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361316671012 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2543847144
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  67. Sarah Cassidy , Louise Bradley , Heather Cogger-Ward , Jacqui Rodgers (2021). Development and validation of the suicidal behaviours questionnaire - autism spectrum conditions in a community sample of autistic, possibly autistic and non-autistic adults . Molecular Autism, 12(1), 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00449-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3167453398
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  69. Patricia Howlin , Iliana Magiati (2017). Autism spectrum disorder . Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 30(2), 69-76. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000308 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2569059432
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  70. Sarah Cassidy , K. Gould , Ellen Townsend , Mirabel Pelton , Ashley Robertson , Jacqui Rodgers (2020). Is Camouflaging Autistic Traits Associated with Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours? Expanding the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide in an Undergraduate Student Sample . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3638-3648. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04323-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2993272702
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  72. Randolph C. H. Chan , Winnie W. S. Mak (2021). Protective and Compensatory Effects of Group Identification on the Mental Health of People Living with HIV . Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(4), 1677-1687. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01823-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3094632391
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  73. Aoife Hickey , Jason Crabtree , Joshua Stott (2018). ‘Suddenly the first fifty years of my life made sense’: Experiences of older people with autism . Autism, 22(3), 357-367. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361316680914 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2588184259
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  75. Lucy A Livingston , Emma Colvert , the Social Relationships Study Team , Patrick Bolton , Francesca Happé (2019). Good social skills despite poor theory of mind: exploring compensation in autism spectrum disorder . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(1), 102-110. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12886 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2794780919
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  76. Quan Nha Hong , Pierre Pluye , Mathieu Bujold , Maggy Wassef (2017). Convergent and sequential synthesis designs: implications for conducting and reporting systematic reviews of qualitative and quantitative evidence . Systematic Reviews, 6(1), 61. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0454-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2599225410
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  77. *Collis (2022). Autistic adults' experience of restricted repetitive behaviors . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 90(101), 895.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  79. Laura Hull , K.V. Petrides , C. Allison , P. Smith , S. Baron-Cohen , Meng-Chuan Lai et al. (2017). “Putting on My Best Normal”: Social Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2519-2534. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2616560149
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  80. Yunhe Huang , Samuel R. C. Arnold , Kitty-Rose Foley , Julian Trollor (2020). Diagnosis of autism in adulthood: A scoping review . Autism, 24(6), 1311-1327. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320903128 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3008810253
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  81. Julia Cook , Laura Crane , Laura Bourne , Laura Hull , William Mandy (2021). Camouflaging in an everyday social context: An interpersonal recall study . Autism, 25(5), 1444-1456. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361321992641 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3129900907
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  82. Alicja Jedrzejewska , Jessica Dewey (2022). Camouflaging in Autistic and Non-autistic Adolescents in the Modern Context of Social Media . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(2), 630-646. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04953-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3136678529
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  83. Brett Heasman * , Alex Gillespie (2018). Perspective-taking is two-sided: Misunderstandings between people with Asperger’s syndrome and their family members . Autism, 22(6), 740-750. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361317708287 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2727105378
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  84. Julia Cook , Laura Hull , Laura Crane , William Mandy (2021). Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review . Clinical Psychology Review, 89(102), 102080. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102080 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3198172085
    Crossref OpenAlex
  85. Ami Tint , Jonathan Weiss (2018). A qualitative study of the service experiences of women with autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 22(8), 928-937. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361317702561 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2754922100
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  86. Blythe Corbett , Jessica Schwartzman , Erin J. Libsack , Rachael A. Muscatello , Matthew D Lerner , Grace L. Simmons et al. (2021). Camouflaging in Autism: Examining Sex‐Based and Compensatory Models in Social Cognition and Communication . Autism Research, 14(1), 127-142. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2440 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3107498375
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  88. Olivia Myles (2017). Exploring the sense of belonging felt by adolescent females with autism in mainstream school: What can we learn about their social experiences? Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter).
    Type: Dissertation OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2768127930
    Crossref OpenAlex
  90. Crompton (2022). “A group of fellow travelers who understand”: Interviews with autistic people about post-diagnostic peer support in adulthood . Frontiers in Psychology, 13(831), 628.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  91. Joost Wiskerke , Heléne Stern , Kajsa Igelström (2018). Camouflaging of repetitive movements in autistic female and transgender adults . BioRxiv.. openRxiv.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.1101/412619 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2891471780
    Crossref OpenAlex
  92. Wenn Lawson * (2020). Adaptive Morphing and Coping with Social Threat in Autism: An Autistic Perspective . Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment, 8(3), 519-526. Lifescience Global.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.6000/2292-2598.2020.08.03.29 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3089250252
    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  93. María Tubío Fungueiriño , Sara Cruz , Adriana Sampaio , Angel Carracedo , Montse Fernández Prieto (2021). Social Camouflaging in Females with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(7), 2190-2199. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04695-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3085436973
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  94. Laura Hull , William Mandy , Meng-Chuan Lai , S. Baron-Cohen , C. Allison , P. Smith et al. (2019). Development and Validation of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(3), 819-833. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3792-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2898221520
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  95. Erikson (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  96. Victoria Milner , Hollie McIntosh , Emma Colvert , Francesca Happé (2019). A Qualitative Exploration of the Female Experience of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(6), 2389-2402. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-03906-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2917614824
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  97. *Gemma (2021). Reconceptualizing ‘reasonable adjustments’ for the successful employment of autistic women . Disability & Society, 1–19.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  98. Rachel K. Schuck , Ryan E. Flores , Lawrence Fung (2019). Brief Report: Sex/Gender Differences in Symptomology and Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(6), 2597-2604. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-03998-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2929474056
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  100. Goffman (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life . The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  101. Gould (2011). Missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis? Girls and women on the autism spectrum . Good Autism Practice, 12(1), 34.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  102. Jo Halsall , Chris Clarke , Laura Crane (2021). “Camouflaging” by adolescent autistic girls who attend both mainstream and specialist resource classes: Perspectives of girls, their mothers and their educators . Autism, 25(7), 2074-2086. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211012819 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3161750644
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  103. Lucy A Livingston , Punit Shah , Francesca Happé (2019). Compensatory strategies below the behavioural surface in autism: a qualitative study . The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(9), 766-777. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30224-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2963462665
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  104. Laura Hull , Meng-Chuan Lai , S. Baron-Cohen , C. Allison , P. Smith , K.V. Petrides et al. (2020). Gender differences in self-reported camouflaging in autistic and non-autistic adults . Autism, 24(2), 352-363. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319864804 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2964343923
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  105. Miriam Harmens , Felicity Sedgewick , Hannah Hobson (2022). The Quest for Acceptance: A Blog-Based Study of Autistic Women's Experiences and Well-Being During Autism Identification and Diagnosis . Autism in Adulthood, 4(1), 42-51. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2021.0016 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3201302602
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  106. Olivia Myles , Christopher Boyle , Andrew Richards (2019). The social experiences and sense of belonging in adolescent females with autism in mainstream school . Educational and Child Psychology, 36(4), 8-21. British Psychological Society.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.53841/bpsecp.2019.36.4.8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2969885546
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  107. William Mandy (2019). Social camouflaging in autism: is it time to lose the mask? Autism, 23(8), 1879. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319878559 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2975468007
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  108. Lucy A Livingston , Punit Shah , Victoria Milner , Francesca Happé (2020). Quantifying compensatory strategies in adults with and without diagnosed autism . Molecular Autism, 11(1), 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-019-0308-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2995930586
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  109. Alice Turnock , Kate Langley , Catherine R G Jones (2022). Understanding Stigma in Autism: A Narrative Review and Theoretical Model . Autism in Adulthood, 4(1), 76-91. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2021.0005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4214570045
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  110. Iris Schneid , Aviad E. Raz (2020). The mask of autism: Social camouflaging and impression management as coping/normalization from the perspectives of autistic adults . Social Science & Medicine, 248(112), 112826. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112826 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3003216866
    Crossref OpenAlex
  111. *Hooper (2016). Autism and gender: An exploration of high-functioning autism in females (Publication No. 27609744) .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  112. Md Mahbub Hossain , Nusrat Khan , Abida Sultana , Ping Ma , E. Lisako J. McKyer , Helal Uddin Ahmed et al. (2020). Prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorders among people with autism spectrum disorder: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses . Psychiatry Research, 287(112), 922. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.31124/advance.11497014 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4246358271
    Crossref OpenAlex
  113. Nichole E. Scheerer , Hilary Aime , Troy Q. Boucher , Grace Iarocci (2020). The Association Between Self-Reported Camouflaging of Autistic Traits and Social Competence in Nonautistic Young Adults . Autism in Adulthood, 2(4), 298-306. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2019.0062 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3020049951
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  114. Sue Mesa , Lorna Hamilton (2022). We are different, that’s a fact, but they treat us like we’re different-er”: understandings of autism and adolescent identity development . Advances in Autism, 8(3), 217. Emerald.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1108/aia-12-2020-0071 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3192645511
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  115. Yunhe Huang , Ye In (Jane) Hwang , Samuel R. C. Arnold , Lauren P Lawson , Amanda Richdale , Julian Trollor (2022). Autistic Adults’ Experiences of Diagnosis Disclosure . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(12), 5301-5307. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05384-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4206778082
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  116. Karl Lundin , Soheil Mahdi , Johan Isaksson , Sven Bölte (2021). Functional gender differences in autism: An international, multidisciplinary expert survey using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health model . Autism, 25(4), 1020-1035. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320975311 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3110210279
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  117. *Hull (2019). Conceptualizing and measuring social camouflaging in autism .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  118. Amy Orben , Livia Tomova , Sarah-Jayne Blakemore (2020). The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health . The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(8), 634-640. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30186-3 10.17863/cam.54276
    OpenCitations
  119. Amy Orben , Livia Tomova , Sarah-Jayne Blakemore (2020). The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health . The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(8), 634. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30186-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3034871545
    Crossref OpenAlex
  120. Sandra Hodgetts , Chantal Labonte , Rinita Mazumder , Shanon Phelan (2020). Helpful or harmful? A scoping review of perceptions and outcomes of autism diagnostic disclosure to others . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 77(101), 101598. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101598 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3038469061
    Crossref OpenAlex
  121. Laura Hull , K.V. Petrides , William Mandy (2021). Cognitive Predictors of Self‐Reported Camouflaging in Autistic Adolescents . Autism Research, 14(3), 523-532. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2407 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3091896474
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  122. Jaswal (2019). Being versus appearing socially uninterested: Challenging assumptions about social motivation in autism .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  123. Elizabeth M. Radulski (2022). Conceptualising Autistic Masking, Camouflaging, and Neurotypical Privilege: Towards a Minority Group Model of Neurodiversity . Human Development, 66(2), 113-127. S. Karger AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1159/000524122 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4287738988
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  124. *Kofke (2019). Taking off the mask: Autistic young women's experiences with social skills in high school (Publication No. 13882286) .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  127. Matthew J. Page , Joanne E. McKenzie , Patrick M. Bossuyt , Isabelle Boutron , Tammy C. Hoffmann , Cynthia D. Mulrow et al. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews . International Journal of Surgery, 88(105), 906. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3141256924
    Crossref OpenAlex
  128. Lizarondo (2019). Chapter 8: Mixed methods systematic reviews .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  129. Beatrice Loo , Truman Jing Yang Teo , Melanie Jiamin Liang , Dawn-joy Leong * , Diana Tan , Sici Zhuang et al. (2021). Exploring autistic adults' psychosocial experiences affecting beginnings, continuity, and change in camouflaging over time: A qualitative study . OSF Preprints.. Center for Open Science.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/cg8ak OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4200060336
    Crossref OpenAlex
  130. Annuska Zolyomi , Andrew Begel , Jennifer Frances Waldern , John C. Tang , Mike Barnett , Ed Cutrell et al. (2019). Managing stress: The needs of autistic adults in video calling . Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., 3(CSCW), 134.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3195084526
    Crossref OpenAlex
  131. Goldie A. McQuaid , Lauren Y. Sadowski , Nancy Raitano Lee , Gregory L. Wallace (2022). Perceived stress and emotion regulation mediate associations between camouflaging and internalizing symptomatology among autistic adults . PsyArXiv.. Center for Open Science.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/q375t OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4309419358
    Crossref OpenAlex
  132. Victoria Milner , William Mandy , Francesca Happé , Emma Colvert (2023). Sex differences in predictors and outcomes of camouflaging: Comparing diagnosed autistic, high autistic trait and low autistic trait young adults . Autism, 27(2), 402-414. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613221098240 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4281630149
    Crossref OpenAlex
  133. Oliver (1990). The politics of disablement .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  134. C. P. D. (1979). The Behavioral and Brain Sciences . The American Journal of Psychology, 92(2), 379. University of Illinois Press.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/1421932 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4231809946
    OpenAlex
  135. Lynda Lee Kaid & , Christina Holtz-Bacha (2008). Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, the . Encyclopedia of Political Communication. SAGE Publications, Inc..
    Type: Other DOI: 10.4135/9781412953993.n530 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4240681106
    OpenAlex
  136. *Pearson (2022). ‘I felt like I deserved it because I was autistic’: Understanding the impact of interpersonal victimization in the lives of autistic people . Autism.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  137. Kate Seers , Rachel Hogg (2023). “Fake it ‘till you make it”: Authenticity and wellbeing in late diagnosed autistic women . Feminism & Psychology, 33(1), 23-41. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/09593535221101455 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4281777299
    Crossref OpenAlex
  138. *Samoilis (2021). ‘It's like a disguise’: Experiences of peer relationships and social camouflaging of autistic adolescent boys. An IPA analysis .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  139. *Trundle (2022). The forensic implications of camouflaging: A study into victimization and offending associated with autism and pathological demand avoidance . Advances in Autism.
    Type: Other
    Crossref