The relevance of the interpersonal theory of suicide for predicting past-year and lifetime suicidality in autistic adults

Authors

Abstract

BACKGROUND: While there are known risk factors for suicidality in autistic adults, these are often unconnected from theoretical frameworks that might explain why risk is elevated and guide clinical interventions. The present study investigated the relevance of constructs from the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (ITS), including perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness and acquired capability for suicide, and explored mechanisms through which certain risk factors (relationship status, age at diagnosis) might elevate suicide risk. METHODS: Autistic adults (n = 314) completed an online study including measures of depression, anxiety and constructs from the ITS. Linear and multinomial regression analysis disentangled contributions of ITS variables from effects of depression and anxiety for past-year suicide ideation, past-year and lifetime suicide attempts. Mediation analyses examined associations between risk factors and these suicide outcomes via mechanisms proposed by the ITS. RESULTS: Past-year suicide ideation was associated with burdensomeness, mental rehearsal of suicide plans (a facet of acquired capability), and depression. Greater feelings of burdensomeness, and reduced fear of death, marked out participants who had attempted suicide in comparison to those who had experienced suicide ideation in the past year. Relationship status was indirectly associated with past-year suicide ideation via the mediators of depression and burdensomeness, and was associated with past-year attempts via its effect on ideation. Age at diagnosis was unrelated to any variables. LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional research is insensitive to causality and temporal dynamics, which is likely why interaction hypotheses from the ITS were unsupported. Normative measures may be invalid in autistic samples. There was no control group. The autistic sample was unrepresentative of the whole population, particularly autistic people with intellectual disabilities, ethnic/racial minorities, and gender minorities. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived burdensomeness and acquired capability appear potentially important to suicide in autistic people, and may mediate the effects of some risk factors. Future research should explore the temporal dynamics of suicide trajectories in longitudinal, prospective designs.

1. Silvia Sara Canetto , Isaac Sakinofsky (1998). The Gender Paradox in Suicide . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 28(1), 1-23. Wiley.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1943-278x.1998.tb00622.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1507183100

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
2. Tatja Hirvikoski , M. Boman , Q. Chen , B. M. D'Onofrio , E. Mittendorfer-Rutz , P. Lichtenstein et al. (2020). Individual risk and familial liability for suicide attempt and suicide in autism: a population-based study . Psychological Medicine, 50(9), 1463-1474. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719001405 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2954025049

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
3. Andrew F. Hayes (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach .

   Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1849190772

   OpenAlex
4. Tatja Hirvikoski , Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz , Marcus Boman , Henrik Larsson , Paul Lichtenstein , Sven Bölte (2016). Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(3), 232-238. Royal College of Psychiatrists.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.160192 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2168424072

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
5. Sarah E. George , Andrew C. Page , Geoffrey R. Hooke , Werner G. K. Stritzke (2016). Multifacet assessment of capability for suicide: Development and prospective validation of the Acquired Capability With Rehearsal for Suicide Scale. Psychological Assessment, 28(11), 1452-1464. American Psychological Association (APA).

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/pas0000276 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2466570491

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
6. Kurt Kroenke , Robert L Spitzer (2002). The PHQ-9: A New Depression Diagnostic and Severity Measure . Psychiatric Annals, 32(9), 509-515. SLACK, Inc..

   Type: Article DOI: 10.3928/0048-5713-20020901-06 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1985329916

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
7. Darren Hedley , Mirko Uljarević (2018). Systematic Review of Suicide in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Trends and Implications . Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 5(1), 65-76. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40474-018-0133-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2788605551

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
8. Arezoo Shahnaz , Brian W. Bauer , Samantha E. Daruwala , E. David Klonsky (2020). Exploring the scope and structure of suicide capability . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 50(6), 1230-1240. Wiley.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12686 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3086941788

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
9. Matthew K. Nock , Elizabeth B. Holmberg , Valerie I. Photos , Bethany D. Michel (2007). Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview: Development, reliability, and validity in an adolescent sample. Psychological Assessment, 19(3), 309-317. American Psychological Association (APA).

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.309 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2003066807

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
10. Kairi Kõlves , Cecilie Fitzgerald , Merete Nordentoft , Stephen James Wood , Annette Erlangsen (2021). Assessment of Suicidal Behaviors Among Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder in Denmark . JAMA Network Open, 4(1), e2033565. American Medical Association (AMA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33565 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3119137758

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
11. Kimberly A. Van Orden , Kelly C. Cukrowicz , Tracy K. Witte , Thomas E. Joiner (2012). Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness: Construct validity and psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 24(1), 197-215. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/a0025358 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2031597326

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
12. Sarah Cassidy , Sheena K. Au‐Yeung , Ashley Robertson , Heather Cogger-Ward , Gareth Richards , Carrie Allison et al. (2022). Autism and autistic traits in those who died by suicide in England . The British Journal of Psychiatry, 221(5), 683-691. Royal College of Psychiatrists.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2022.21 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4213221258

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
13. Robert L. Spitzer , Kurt Kroenke , Janet B. W. Williams , Bernd Löwe (2006). A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder . Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092. American Medical Association (AMA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2043705607

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
14. Sarah Cassidy , Louise Bradley , Rebecca Shaw , Simon Baron-Cohen (2018). Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults . Molecular Autism, 9(1), 42. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2887488849

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
15. Yuka Yasuda , Ryota Hashimoto , Aya Nakae , Hongling Kang , Kazutaka Ohi , Hidenaga Yamamori et al. (2016). Sensory cognitive abnormalities of pain in autism spectrum disorder: a case–control study . Annals of General Psychiatry, 15(1), 8-8. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s12991-016-0095-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2288508359

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
16. Laura Manea , Simon Gilbody , Dean McMillan (2012). Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): a meta-analysis . Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184(3), E191-E196. CMA Joule Inc..

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.110829 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2099274262

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
17. Darren Hedley , Mirko Uljarević , Kitty‐Rose Foley , Amanda L. Richdale , Julian N Trollor (2018). Risk and protective factors underlying depression and suicidal ideation in Autism Spectrum Disorder . Depression and Anxiety, 35(7), 648-657. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/da.22759 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2802741176

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
18. Mariko Hosozawa , Amanda Sacker , Noriko Cable (2021). Timing of diagnosis, depression and self-harm in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 25(1), 70-78. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320945540 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3047775854

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
19. Robin A. Barry , Mali Bunde , Rebecca L. Brock , Erika Lawrence (2009). Validity and utility of a multidimensional model of received support in intimate relationships. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(1), 48-57. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/a0014174 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2104849875

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
20. Rachel Moseley *Autistic author. Learn more… , Nicola Gregory , Paula Smith , Carrie Allison , Simon Baron-Cohen (2020). Links between self-injury and suicidality in autism . Molecular Autism, 11(1), 14-14. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-0319-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3005552451

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
21. Philip J. Batterham , Alison L. Calear (2021). Incorporating psychopathology into the interpersonal‐psychological theory of suicidal behavior (IPTS) . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 51(3), 482-491. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12727 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3116693967

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
22. Ryan M. Hill , Yasmin Rey , Carla E. Marin , Carla Sharp , Kelly L. Green , Jeremy W. Pettit (2015). Evaluating the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire: Comparison of the Reliability, Factor Structure, and Predictive Validity across Five Versions . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(3), 302-314. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12129 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2107385709

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
23. Mirabel Pelton , Hayley Crawford , Ashley Robertson , Jacqui Rodgers , Simon Baron-Cohen , Sarah Cassidy (2020). Understanding Suicide Risk in Autistic Adults: Comparing the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in Autistic and Non-autistic Samples . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3620-3637. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04393-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3010260927

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
24. Brenna B. Maddox , Andrea Trubanova , Susan W. White (2017). Untended wounds: Non-suicidal self-injury in adults with autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 21(4), 412-422. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361316644731 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2380785725

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
25. Kimberly A. Van Orden , Tracy K. Witte , Kelly C. Cukrowicz , Scott R. Braithwaite , Edward A. Selby , Thomas E. Joiner (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575-600. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/a0018697 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2143095451

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
26. Titia G. Arwert , Bram B. Sizoo (2020). Self-reported Suicidality in Male and Female Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Rumination and Self-esteem . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3598-3605. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04372-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3003085160

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
27. Daniel W. Hoover , Joan Kaufman (2018). Adverse childhood experiences in children with autism spectrum disorder . Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 31(2), 128-132. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000390 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2771123539

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
28. Janis Whitlock , Peter A. Wyman , Sarah R. Moore (2014). Connectedness and Suicide Prevention in Adolescents: Pathways and Implications . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(3), 246-272. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12071 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2159858238

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
29. TE Joiner (2005). Why people die by suicide . Why people die by suicide.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
30. Samuel R. C. Arnold , Mirko Uljarević , Ye In Hwang , Amanda L. Richdale , Julian N Trollor , Lauren P. Lawson (2020). Brief Report: Psychometric Properties of the Patient Health Questionaire-9 (PHQ-9) in Autistic Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(6), 2217-2225. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-03947-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2919952195

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
31. Anne V. Kirby , Amanda V. Bakian , Yue Zhang , Deborah A. Bilder , Brooks R. Keeshin , Hilary Coon (2019). A 20‐year study of suicide death in a statewide autism population . Autism Research, 12(4), 658-666. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2076 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2911505910

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
32. Sean M. Mitchell , Sarah L. Brown , Jared F. Roush , Angelea D. Bolaños , Andrew K. Littlefield , Andrew J. Marshall et al. (2017). The clinical application of suicide risk assessment: A theory‐driven approach . Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 24(6), 1406-1420. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2086 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2606985070

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
33. Jennifer Ma , Philip J. Batterham , Alison L. Calear , Jin Han (2016). A systematic review of the predictions of the Interpersonal–Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior . Clinical Psychology Review, 46, 34-45. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.008 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2339607891

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
34. Caitlin Wolford‐Clevenger , Gregory L. Stuart , Lawrence Christian Elledge , James K. McNulty , Anthony Spirito (2020). Proximal Correlates of Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors: A Test of the Interpersonal‐Psychological Theory of Suicide . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 50(1), 249-262. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12585 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2972731172

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
35. Megan L. Rogers , Ian H. Stanley , Melanie A. Hom , Bruno Chiurliza , Matthew C. Podlogar , Thomas E. Joiner (2018). Conceptual and Empirical Scrutiny of Covarying Depression Out of Suicidal Ideation . Assessment, 25(2), 159-172. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1073191116645907 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2344153509

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
36. Wen-Jiun Chou , Peng-Wei Wang , Ray C. Hsiao , Huei-Fan Hu , Cheng-Fang Yen (2020). Role of School Bullying Involvement in Depression, Anxiety, Suicidality, and Low Self-Esteem Among Adolescents With High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 9-9. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00009 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3003936554

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
37. Ella Perry , Will Mandy , Laura Hull , Eilidh Cage (2022). Understanding Camouflaging as a Response to Autism-Related Stigma: A Social Identity Theory Approach . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(2), 800-810. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04987-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3150043110

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
38. Rachel Holden , Joanne Mueller , John McGowan , Jyoti Sanyal , Maxim Kikoler , Emily Simonoff et al. (2020). Investigating Bullying as a Predictor of Suicidality in a Clinical Sample of Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Autism Research, 13(6), 988-997. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2292 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3012826993

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
39. Leah I. Stein Duker , Hee Kyung Sadie Kim , Amber Pomponio , Laura Mosqueda , Beth Pfeiffer (2019). Examining Primary Care Health Encounters for Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder . American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 73(5), 758-769. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2019.037226 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2969548308

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
40. Sarah Griffiths , Carrie Allison , Rebecca Kenny , Rosemary Holt , Paula Smith , Simon Baron-Cohen (2019). The Vulnerability Experiences Quotient (VEQ): A Study of Vulnerability, Mental Health and Life Satisfaction in Autistic Adults . Autism Research, 12(10), 1516-1528. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2162 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2949176131

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
41. Laura Hull , Lily Levy , Meng-Chuan Lai , K. V. Petrides , Simon Baron-Cohen , Carrie Allison et al. (2021). Is social camouflaging associated with anxiety and depression in autistic adults? Molecular Autism, 12(1), 13-13. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00421-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3132619758

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
42. Eva C. Luciano , Ulrich Orth (2017). Transitions in romantic relationships and development of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(2), 307-328. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000109 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2467914552

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
43. Andreas Hinz , Annette M. Klein , Elmar Brähler , Heide Glaesmer , Tobias Luck , Steffi G. Riedel-Heller et al. (2017). Psychometric evaluation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener GAD-7, based on a large German general population sample . Journal of Affective Disorders, 210, 338-344. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.012 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2562471806

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
44. Melanie A. Hom , Matthew C. Podlogar , Ian H. Stanley , Thomas E. Joiner (2017). Ethical Issues and Practical Challenges in Suicide Research . Crisis, 38(2), 107-114. Hogrefe Publishing Group.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000415 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2517721931

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
45. Erin Harmuth , Emerald Silletta , Anthony Bailey , Tracy Adams , Charlotte Beck , Skye Pamela Barbic (2018). Barriers and Facilitators to Employment for Adults With Autism: A Scoping Review . Annals of International Occupational Therapy, 1(1), 31-40. SLACK, Inc..

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3928/24761222-20180212-01 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2796368235

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
46. Rozanna Lilley , Wenn Lawson *Autistic author. Learn more… , Gabrielle Hall *Autistic author. Learn more… , Joanne Mahony , Hayley Clapham *Autistic author. Learn more… , Melanie Heyworth *Autistic author. Learn more… et al. (2022). ‘A way to be me’: Autobiographical reflections of autistic adults diagnosed in mid-to-late adulthood . Autism, 26(6), 1395-1408. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211050694 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3206782425

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
47. Rebecca D. Pfeffer (2016). Childhood Victimization in a National Sample of Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 13(4), 311-319. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jppi.12203 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2534950342

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
48. Megan L. Rogers , Thomas E. Joiner (2018). Suicide-Specific Rumination Relates to lifetime suicide attempts above and beyond a variety of other suicide risk factors . Journal of Psychiatric Research, 98, 78-86. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.12.017 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2779911461

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
49. Rachel Moseley *Autistic author. Learn more… , Nicola Gregory , Paula Smith , Carrie Allison , Simon Baron-Cohen (2019). A ‘choice’, an ‘addiction’, a way ‘out of the lost’: exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability . Molecular Autism, 10(1), 18-18. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-019-0267-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2944354056

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
50. Deanna Dow , Lindee Morgan , Jessica L. Hooker , Matthew S. Michaels , Thomas E. Joiner , Juliann Woods et al. (2021). Anxiety, Depression, and the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in a Community Sample of Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Archives of Suicide Research, 25(2), 297-314. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2019.1678537 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2981371905

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
51. Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… , David M. Frost (2020). Extending the Minority Stress Model to Understand Mental Health Problems Experienced by the Autistic Population . Society and Mental Health, 10(1), 20-34. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/2156869318804297 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2896204132

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
52. Aubrey R. Dueweke , Rebecca A. Schwartz-Mette (2018). Social-Cognitive and Social-Behavioral Correlates of Suicide Risk in College Students: Contributions from Interpersonal Theories of Suicide and Depression . Archives of Suicide Research, 22(2), 224-240. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2017.1319310 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2607084081

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
53. Louise Camm-Crosbie , Louise Bradley , Rebecca Shaw , Simon Baron-Cohen , Sarah Cassidy (2019). ‘People like me don’t get support’: Autistic adults’ experiences of support and treatment for mental health difficulties, self-injury and suicidality . Autism, 23(6), 1431-1441. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318816053 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2902777586

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
54. Darren Hedley , Mirko Uljarević , Mathilda Wilmot , Amanda L. Richdale , Cheryl Dissanayake (2018). Understanding depression and thoughts of self-harm in autism: A potential mechanism involving loneliness . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 46, 1-7. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2017.11.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2768352759

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
55. Mirabel Pelton , Sarah Cassidy (2017). Are autistic traits associated with suicidality? A test of the interpersonal‐psychological theory of suicide in a non‐clinical young adult sample . Autism Research, 10(11), 1891-1904. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.1828 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2727577692

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
56. E David Klonsky , Boaz Y Saffer , Craig J Bryan (2018). Ideation-to-action theories of suicide: a conceptual and empirical update . Current Opinion in Psychology, 22, 38-43. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.020 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2738725763

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
57. Catherine Steenfeldt-Kristensen , Chris A. Jones , Caroline Richards (2020). The Prevalence of Self-injurious Behaviour in Autism: A Meta-analytic Study . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(11), 3857-3873. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04443-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3016276573

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
58. Sue Fletcher‐Watson , Jonathan Adams *Autistic author. Learn more… , Kabie Brook *Autistic author. Learn more… , Tony Charman , Laura Crane , James Cusack *Autistic author. Learn more… et al. (2019). Making the future together: Shaping autism research through meaningful participation . Autism, 23(4), 943-953. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318786721 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2807975560

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center OpenAlex OpenCitations
59. Hanna Thaler , Joshua C Skewes , Line Gebauer , Peer Christensen , Kenneth M Prkachin , Else-Marie Jegindø Elmholdt (2018). Typical pain experience but underestimation of others’ pain: Emotion perception in self and others in autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 22(6), 751-762. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361317701269 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2744577268

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
60. Rosalind Y. K. Oliphant , Eleanor M. Smith , Victoria Grahame (2020). What is the Prevalence of Self-harming and Suicidal Behaviour in Under 18s with ASD, With or Without an Intellectual Disability? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3510-3524. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04422-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3009930122

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
61. Cassidy M. Salentine , Lori M. Hilt , Jennifer J. Muehlenkamp , Peter P. Ehlinger (2020). The Link between Discrimination and Worst Point Suicidal Ideation among Sexual and Gender Minority Adults . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 50(1), 19-28. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12571 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2959782230

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
62. Philip J. Batterham , Jennie Walker , Liana S. Leach , Jennifer Ma , Alison L. Calear , Helen Christensen (2018). A longitudinal test of the predictions of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behaviour for passive and active suicidal ideation in a large community-based cohort . Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 97-102. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2763419055

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
63. Michelle A. Fardella , Priscilla Burnham Riosa , Jonathan A. Weiss (2018). A qualitative investigation of risk and protective factors for interpersonal violence in adults on the autism spectrum . Disability & Society, 33(9), 1460-1481. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2018.1498320 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2898440663

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
64. Carol Chu , Jennifer M. Buchman-Schmitt , Ian H. Stanley , Melanie A. Hom , Raymond P. Tucker , Christopher R. Hagan et al. (2017). The interpersonal theory of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research. Psychological Bulletin, 143(12), 1313-1345. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/bul0000123 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2766751125

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
65. Mirabel Pelton , Hayley Crawford , Ashley Robertson , Jacqui Rodgers , Simon Baron-Cohen , Sarah Cassidy (2020). A Measurement Invariance Analysis of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire and Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale in Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults . Autism in Adulthood, 2(3), 193-203. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2019.0055 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3010926825

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
66. Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… , Bridget Dibb , David M. Frost (2022). "Autism is me": an investigation of how autistic individuals make sense of autism and stigma . Disability & Society, 37(3), 427-453. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2020.1822782 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3092648145

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
67. Aldenor G. Santos , Gisele O. da Rocha , Jailson B. de Andrade (2019). Occurrence of the potent mutagens 2- nitrobenzanthrone and 3-nitrobenzanthrone in fine airborne particles . Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37186-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2909240409

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
68. Esther L. Meerwijk , Sandra J. Weiss (2018). Tolerance for psychological pain and capability for suicide: Contributions to suicidal ideation and behavior . Psychiatry Research, 262, 203-208. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2791899886

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
69. Megan L. Rogers , Fallon B. Ringer , Thomas E. Joiner (2018). The association between suicidal ideation and lifetime suicide attempts is strongest at low levels of depression . Psychiatry Research, 270, 324-328. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.061 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2893679384

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
70. Megan L. Rogers , Brian W. Bauer , Anna R. Gai , Mary E. Duffy , Thomas E. Joiner (2021). Examination of measurement invariance of the Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale. Psychological Assessment, 33(5), 464-470. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/pas0000998 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3134730129

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
71. Jami M. Gauthier , David W. Hollingsworth , Courtney L. Bagge (2018). Number and violence of suicide attempt methods: A preliminary investigation of the associations with fearlessness of suicide and fearlessness about death . Psychiatry Research, 265, 183-189. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.050 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2802747944

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
72. Megan L. Rogers , Thomas E. Joiner (2019). Exploring the temporal dynamics of the interpersonal theory of suicide constructs: A dynamic systems modeling approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(1), 56-66. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000373 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2905723721

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
73. Sean M. Mitchell , Sarah L. Brown , Jared F. Roush , Raymond P. Tucker , Kelly C. Cukrowicz , Thomas E. Joiner (2020). The Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire: Statistical Considerations for Improved Clinical Application . Assessment, 27(3), 621-637. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1073191118824660 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2909834522

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
74. Rosanne Cawley , Eleanor E Pontin , Jade Touhey , Kate Sheehy , Peter James Taylor (2019). What is the relationship between rejection and self-harm or suicidality in adulthood? Journal of Affective Disorders, 242, 123-134. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.082 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2886818456

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
75. Goldie A. McQuaid , Nancy Raitano Lee , Gregory L. Wallace (2022). Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing . Autism, 26(2), 552-559. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211042131 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3163483172

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
76. Adrian J. Blow , Adam Farero , Dara Ganoczy , Heather Walters , Marcia Valenstein (2019). Intimate Relationships Buffer Suicidality in National Guard Service Members: A Longitudinal Study . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 49(6), 1523-1540. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12537 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2902087638

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
77. Anthony Fulginiti , Jeremy T. Goldbach , Mary Rose Mamey , Joshua Rusow , Ankur Srivastava , Harmony Rhoades et al. (2020). Integrating Minority Stress Theory and the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide among Sexual Minority Youth Who Engage Crisis Services . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 50(3), 601-616. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12623 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3005965809

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
78. Will Mandy , Emily Midouhas , Mariko Hosozawa , Noriko Cable , Amanda Sacker , Eirini Flouri (2022). Mental health and social difficulties of late‐diagnosed autistic children, across childhood and adolescence . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(11), 1405-1414. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13587 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4212832824

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
79. Eya‐Mist Rødgaard , Kristian Jensen , Kamilla Woznica Miskowiak , Laurent Mottron (2021). Autism comorbidities show elevated female‐to‐male odds ratios and are associated with the age of first autism diagnosis . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 144(5), 475-486. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/acps.13345 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3179391009

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
80. N. Hallensleben , H. Glaesmer , T. Forkmann , D. Rath , M. Strauss , A. Kersting et al. (2019). Predicting suicidal ideation by interpersonal variables, hopelessness and depression in real-time. An ecological momentary assessment study in psychiatric inpatients with depression . European Psychiatry, 56(1), 43-50. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2902065932

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
81. Yunhe Huang , Samuel R. C. Arnold , Kitty‐Rose Foley , Lauren P. Lawson , Amanda L. Richdale , Julian N Trollor (2021). Factors associated with age at autism diagnosis in a community sample of Australian adults . Autism Research, 14(12), 2677-2687. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2610 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3199221538

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
82. Rachel Moseley *Autistic author. Learn more… , Tanya Druce , Julie Gamble-Turner (2021). Autism research is ‘all about the blokes and the kids’: Autistic women breaking the silence on menopause . British Journal of Health Psychology, 26(3), 709-726. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12477 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3090338333

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
83. Alexandra Leedham , Andrew R. Thompson , Richard Smith , Megan Freeth (2020). ‘I was exhausted trying to figure it out’: The experiences of females receiving an autism diagnosis in middle to late adulthood . Autism, 24(1), 135-146. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319853442 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2947577397

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
84. Laura Hull , K. V. Petrides , Will Mandy (2021). Cognitive Predictors of Self‐Reported Camouflaging in Autistic Adolescents . Autism Research, 14(3), 523-532. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2407 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3091896474

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
85. Sarah Cassidy , K. Gould , E. Townsend , Mirabel Pelton , Ashley Robertson , Jacqui Rodgers (2020). Is Camouflaging Autistic Traits Associated with Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours? Expanding the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide in an Undergraduate Student Sample . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3638-3648. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04323-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2993272702

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
86. Kaitlyn R. Schuler , Phillip N. Smith , Katrina A. Rufino , Gregory L. Stuart , Caitlin Wolford-Clevenger (2021). Examining the temporal stability of suicide capability among undergraduates: A latent growth analysis . Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 587-593. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.169 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3114305767

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
87. Lena Spangenberg , Heide Glaesmer , Nina Hallensleben , Dajana Rath , Thomas Forkmann (2019). (In)stability of Capability for Suicide in Psychiatric Inpatients: Longitudinal Assessment Using Ecological Momentary Assessments . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 49(6), 1560-1572. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12547 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2920217241

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
88. Zachary J. Williams *Autistic author. Learn more… , Michelle D. Failla , Samona Davis , Brynna H. Heflin , Christian D. Okitondo , David Moore et al. (2019). Thermal Perceptual Thresholds are typical in Autism Spectrum Disorder but Strongly Related to Intra-individual Response Variability . Scientific Reports, 9(1), 12595-12595. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49103-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2970655637

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
89. Darren Hedley , Mirko Uljarević , Ru Ying Cai , Simon M. Bury , Mark A. Stokes , David W. Evans (2021). Domains of the autism phenotype, cognitive control, and rumination as transdiagnostic predictors of DSM-5 suicide risk . PLOS ONE, 16(1), e0245562. Public Library of Science (PLoS).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245562 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3124007595

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
90. Sebastian Gaigg , Paul E Flaxman , Gracie McLaven , Ritika Shah , Dermot M Bowler , Brenda Meyer et al. (2020). Self-guided mindfulness and cognitive behavioural practices reduce anxiety in autistic adults: A pilot 8-month waitlist-controlled trial of widely available online tools . Autism, 24(4), 867-883. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320909184 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3014587805

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
91. Sarah Cassidy , Louise Bradley , Heather Cogger-Ward , Rebecca Shaw , Erica Bowen , Magdalena Glod et al. (2020). Measurement Properties of the Suicidal Behaviour Questionnaire-Revised in Autistic Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3477-3488. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04431-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3009427646

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
92. Craig J. Bryan , Jonathan E. Butner , Alexis M. May , Kelsi F. Rugo , Julia A. Harris , D. Nicolas Oakey et al. (2020). Nonlinear change processes and the emergence of suicidal behavior: A conceptual model based on the fluid vulnerability theory of suicide . New Ideas in Psychology, 57, 100758. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2019.100758 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2979920589

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
93. Ellen Townsend , Emma Nielsen , Rosie Allister , Sarah Cassidy (2020). Key ethical questions for research during the COVID-19 pandemic . The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(5), 381-383. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30150-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3020257121

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
94. Brittany N. Hand , Teal Benevides , Henry J. Carretta (2020). Suicidal Ideation and Self-inflicted Injury in Medicare Enrolled Autistic Adults With and Without Co-occurring Intellectual Disability . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3489-3495. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04345-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2995082708

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
95. Sue Fletcher‐Watson (2018). Fletcher-Watson S, Adams J, Brook K, Charman T, Crane L, Cusack J, et al. Making the future together: shaping autism research through meaningful participation. Autism. 2018;1:11. Autism, 1, 11.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
96. AF Hayes (2017). An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach . An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
97. Teal Benevides , Stephen M. Shore , Kate Palmer , Patricia Duncan , Alex Plank , May-Lynn Andresen et al. (2020). Listening to the autistic voice: Mental health priorities to guide research and practice in autism from a stakeholder-driven project . Autism, 24(4), 822-833. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320908410 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3026368736

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
98. Megan L. Rogers , Austin J. Gallyer , Thomas E. Joiner (2021). The relationship between suicide-specific rumination and suicidal intent above and beyond suicidal ideation and other suicide risk factors: A multilevel modeling approach . Journal of Psychiatric Research, 137, 506-513. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.031 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3151263068

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
99. Sarah Cassidy (2020). The Oxford handbook of autism and co-occurring psychiatric conditions . The Oxford handbook of autism and co-occurring psychiatric conditions.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
100. Ian Cero , Sean M. Mitchell , Nicole M. Morris (2021). Causal inference in suicide research: When you should (and should not!) control for extraneous variables . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 51(1), 148-161. Wiley.

     Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12681 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3129512273

     Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
101. CL Hammen (2014). Handbook of depression . Handbook of depression, 277.

     Type: Other

     Crossref
102. EV Peña (2019). Communication alternatives in autism: perspectives on typing and spelling approaches for the nonspeaking . Communication alternatives in autism: perspectives on typing and spelling approaches for the nonspeaking.

     Type: Other

     Crossref
103. White, Susan W. ca. 20./21. Jh. , Maddox, Brenna ca. 20./21. Jh. , Mazefsky, Carla ca. 20./21. Jh. (2020). The Oxford Handbook of Autism and Co-Occurring Psychiatric Conditions . Oxford University Press.

     Type: Book DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190910761.001.0001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4234311176

     OpenAlex