A Conceptual Analysis of Autistic Masking: Understanding the Narrative of Stigma and the Illusion of Choice

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. two authors of this publication are identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

Pearson, A. & Rose, K. (2021). A Conceptual Analysis of Autistic Masking: Understanding the Narrative of Stigma and the Illusion of Choice. Autism in Adulthood, 3(1), 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0043

Publication date: 22 Jan 2021 Added to AutiHub: 6 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
2
Publication authors identified as autistic
2 / 2 (100.0%)
  1. Amy Pearson *
  2. Kieran Rose *

Abstract

Autistic masking is an emerging research area that focuses on understanding the conscious or unconscious suppression of natural autistic responses and adoption of alternatives across a range of domains. It is suggested that masking may relate to negative outcomes for autistic people, including late/missed diagnosis, mental health issues, burnout, and suicidality. This makes it essential to understand what masking is, and why it occurs. In this conceptual analysis, we suggest that masking is an unsurprising response to the deficit narrative and accompanying stigma that has developed around autism. We outline how classical social theory (i.e., social identity theory) can help us to understand how and why people mask by situating masking in the social context in which it develops. We draw upon the literature on stigma and marginalization to examine how masking might intersect with different aspects of identity (e.g., gender). We argue that although masking might contribute toward disparities in diagnosis, it is important that we do not impose gender norms and stereotypes by associating masking with a "female autism phenotype." Finally we provide recommendations for future research, stressing the need for increased understanding of the different ways that autism may present in different people (e.g., internalizing and externalizing) and intersectionality. We suggest that masking is examined through a sociodevelopmental lens, taking into account factors that contribute toward the initial development of the mask and that drive its maintenance. Lay summary: We hope that this analysis will help researchers to understand that some aspects of masking might be unique to autistic people, but some aspects might be like other kinds of "pretending to be normal" that other people who are socially excluded use to try and fit in. We hope that our suggestions can help to improve our understanding of masking, and lead to research that makes life better for autistic people.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 01:40.

Cited references
97
With a DOI
64
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
32
19 / 97 (19.6%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
17 / 97 (17.5%)
References with detected author names
87 / 97 (89.7%)
Without detected author names
10
Without a structured title
17
Without a stable identifier
29
References with raw author names still to review
10
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
285
From DOI or external metadata
285
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
16
169 / 285 (59.3%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 116 / 285 (40.7%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
31 / 285 (10.9%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 31 / 169 (18.3%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 19 / 224 (8.5%).
  1. Morton Ann Gernsbacher (2007). On Not Being Human. APS Obs, 20(2), 5.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W279745879
    Crossref OpenAlex
  2. Laura Hull , K.V. Petrides , Carrie T. Allison , P. Smith , Simon Baron-Cohen , Meng-Chuan Lai et al. (2017). "Putting on my best normal": social camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum conditions . J. Autism Dev. Disord., 47(8), 2519. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2616560149
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Asbjørn M. Drewes , Anne E. Olesen , Adam D. Farmer , Eva Szigethy , Vinciane Rebours , Søren S. Olesen (2020). Gastrointestinal pain . Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 6(1), 1-1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0135-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4211028654
    OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Donna Williams * (1996). Autism-An-Inside-Out Approach: An Innovative Look at the Mechanics of ‘Autism’ and its Developmental ‘Cousins’ .
    Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W614408088
    Crossref OpenAlex
  5. Lucy A Livingston , Francesca Happé (2017). Conceptualising compensation in neurodevelopmental disorders: Reflections from autism spectrum disorder . Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 729-742. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2714476989
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Arlie Russell Hochschild (2012). The Managed Heart . University of California Press.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.1525/9780520951853 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1490676200
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Wenn Lawson * (2020). Adaptive Morphing and Coping with Social Threat in Autism: An Autistic Perspective . Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment, 8(3), 519-526. Lifescience Global.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.6000/2292-2598.2020.08.03.29 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3089250252
    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. Eilidh Cage , Jessica Di Monaco , Victoria Newell (2019). Understanding, attitudes and dehumanisation towards autistic people . Autism, 23(6), 1373-1383. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318811290 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2901663576
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Mary Jo Hatch , Majken Schultz (2004). Organizational identity: a reader .
    Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1513067964
    OpenAlex
  11. Lucy A Livingston , Punit Shah , Victoria Milner , Francesca Happé (2020). Quantifying compensatory strategies in adults with and without diagnosed autism . Molecular Autism, 11(1), 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-019-0308-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2995930586
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Simon Baron-Cohen (1995). Mindblindness . The MIT Press.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/4635.001.0001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4244209073
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Hans Asperger (1944). Die „Autistischen Psychopathen” im Kindesalter . Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 117(1), 76-136. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf01837709 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1965210252
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Rosabeth Moss Kanter , Herbert Blumer (1971). Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. American Sociological Review, 36(2), 333. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/2094060 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1994434576
    OpenAlex
  16. (n.d.). Rose K. Masking: I am not OK. 2018. https://theautisticadvocate.com/2018/07/masking-i-am-not-ok/ (accessed June28 2020).
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  17. E. Tory Higgins (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319-340. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.94.3.319 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2162153512
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Willey LH. (2014). Pretending to Be Normal: Living with Asperger's Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) Expanded Edition . Pretending to Be Normal: Living with Asperger's Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) Expanded Edition.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  20. Belle Rose Ragins (2008). Disclosure Disconnects: Antecedents and Consequences of Disclosing Invisible Stigmas across Life Domains . Academy of Management Review, 33(1), 194-215. Academy of Management.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.5465/amr.2008.27752724 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2056225592
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Laura Hull , Meng-Chuan Lai , Simon Baron-Cohen , Carrie T. Allison , P. Smith , K.V. Petrides et al. (2020). Gender differences in self-reported camouflaging in autistic and non-autistic adults . Autism, 24(2), 352-363. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319864804 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2964343923
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Coralie Chevallier , Gregor Kohls , Vanessa Troiani , Edward S. Brodkin , Robert T. Schultz (2012). The social motivation theory of autism . Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(4), 231-239. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.02.007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2091028497
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Sarah Cassidy , K. Gould , Ellen Townsend , Mirabel Pelton , Ashley Robertson , Jacqui Rodgers (2020). Is Camouflaging Autistic Traits Associated with Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours? Expanding the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide in an Undergraduate Student Sample . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3638-3648. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04323-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2993272702
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Samuel Tromans , Verity Chester , Eli Gemegah , Kristian Roberts , Zoe Morgan , Guiqing Lily Yao et al. (2021). Autism identification across ethnic groups: a narrative review . Advances in Autism, 7(3), 241-255. Emerald.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1108/aia-03-2020-0017 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3039573567
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Steven K. Kapp * , Kristen Gillespie-Lynch , Lauren E. Sherman , Ted Hutman (2013). Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 59-71. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/a0028353 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2124715426
    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Elise Robinson , Paul Lichtenstein , Henrik Anckarsäter , Francesca Happé , Angelica Ronald (2013). Examining and interpreting the female protective effect against autistic behavior . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(13), 5258-5262. National Academy of Sciences.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1211070110 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2129873641
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Noah Sasson , Daniel J. Faso , Jack Nugent , Sarah Lovell , Daniel P. Kennedy , Ruth B. Grossman (2017). Neurotypical Peers are Less Willing to Interact with Those with Autism based on Thin Slice Judgments . Scientific Reports, 7(1), 40700. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/srep40700 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2585989266
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Simon Baron-Cohen (2002). The extreme male brain theory of autism . Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(6), 248-254. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01904-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2131018314
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Kate Cooper , Laura G. E. Smith , Ailsa Russell (2018). Gender Identity in Autism: Sex Differences in Social Affiliation with Gender Groups . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(12), 3995-4006. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3590-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2802864872
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Leo Kanner (1944). Early infantile autism . The Journal of Pediatrics, 25(3), 211-217. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(44)80156-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2020392218
    Crossref
  35. Lorcan Kenny , Caroline Hattersley , Bonnie Molins , Carole Buckley , Carol Povey , Elizabeth Pellicano (2016). Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community . Autism, 20(4), 442-462. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361315588200 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2227393071
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Kapp S. (2019). How social deficit models exacerbate the medical model: Autism as case in point . Autism Policy Pract, 2(1), 3.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  37. Chown N (2020). Chown N,, Leatherland J,. Can a person be ‘a bit autistic’? A response to Francesca Happé and Uta Frith. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020. DOI: 10. 1007/s10803-020-04541-0 J Autism Dev Disord.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  38. Meng-Chuan Lai , Michael Lombardo , Amber Ruigrok , Bhismadev Chakrabarti , Bonnie Auyeung , Peter Szatmari et al. (2017). Quantifying and exploring camouflaging in men and women with autism . Autism, 21(6), 690-702. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361316671012 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2543847144
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Will Mandy , Elizabeth Pellicano , Beaté St Pourcain , David Skuse , Jon Heron (2018). The development of autistic social traits across childhood and adolescence in males and females . J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 59(11), 1143. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12913 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2800125913
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Jeroen Dewinter , H. De Graaf , Sander Begeer (2017). Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Romantic Relationships in Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(9), 2927-2934. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3199-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2624183778
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. Fiona Kumari Campbell (2009). Internalised Ableism: The Tyranny Within . In Contours of Ableism (pp. 16-29). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1057/9780230245181_2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2504479528
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. (n.d.). Rose K Vivian S. Regarding the use of dehumanising rhetoric. 2020. https://theautisticadvocate.com/2020/02/regarding-the-use-of-dehumanising-rhetoric/ (accessed June28 2020).
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  43. Sarah Wood , Megan Freeth (2016). Students’ stereotypes of autism . JEI, 2(2), 131. Macrothink Institute, Inc..
    Type: Article DOI: 10.5296/jei.v2i2.9975 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2532162578
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. (n.d.). Cowen T. Autism as academic paradigm. The chronicle of higher education. 2009. https://www.chronicle.com/article/autism-as-academic-paradigm/ (accessed September1 2020).
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  46. Lucy A Livingston , Punit Shah , Francesca Happé (2019). Compensation in autism is not consistent with social motivation theory . Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 42, 32. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x18002388 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2963064544
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Goffman E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity . Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  49. (n.d.). Botha M. Autistic community connectedness as a buffer against the effects of minority stress. [Doctoral Thesis]. Surrey United Kingdom. University of Surrey. 2020. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/854098/7/Autistic Community Connectedness as a Buffer Against Minority Stress - M Botha.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  50. Iris Schneid , Aviad E. Raz (2020). The mask of autism: Social camouflaging and impression management as coping/normalization from the perspectives of autistic adults . Social Science & Medicine, 248(112), 112826. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112826 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3003216866
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Milton D (2012). Milton D,, Moon L. The normalisation agenda and the psycho-emotional disablement of autistic people. Autonomy Crit J Interdiscip Autism Stud. 2012;1(1). Autonomy Crit J Interdiscip Autism Stud.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  52. (n.d.). Rose K. An autistic invalidation. 2018. https://theautisticadvocate.com/2018/09/an-autistic-invalidation/ (accessed June28 2020).
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  53. Laurent Mottron , Danilo Bzdok (2020). Autism spectrum heterogeneity: fact or artifact? Molecular Psychiatry, 25(12), 3178-3185. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0748-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3022866684
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Judith Gould (2017). Towards understanding the under-recognition of girls and women on the autism spectrum . Autism, 21(6), 703-705. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361317706174 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2740451639
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Eilidh Cage , Zoe Troxell-Whitman (2019). Understanding the Reasons, Contexts and Costs of Camouflaging for Autistic Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1899-1911. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-03878-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2909219349
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Rose K. (n.d.). Star Institute for Sensory Processing . Star Institute for Sensory Processing.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  58. Courtney Jorgenson , Timothy Lewis , Chad Rose , Stephen Kanne (2020). Social Camouflaging in Autistic and Neurotypical Adolescents: A Pilot Study of Differences by Sex and Diagnosis . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(12), 4344-4355. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04491-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3015872025
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  59. Sarah Griffiths , Carrie T. Allison , Rebecca Kenny , R. J. Holt , P. Smith , Simon Baron-Cohen (2019). The Vulnerability Experiences Quotient (VEQ): A Study of Vulnerability, Mental Health and Life Satisfaction in Autistic Adults . Autism Research, 12(10), 1516-1528. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2162 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2949176131
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  60. Felicity Sedgewick , Vivian Hill , Elizabeth Pellicano (2019). ‘It’s different for girls’: Gender differences in the friendships and conflict of autistic and neurotypical adolescents . Autism, 23(5), 1119-1132. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318794930 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2894712382
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  61. Meng-Chuan Lai , Michael Lombardo , Bhismadev Chakrabarti , Amber Ruigrok , Edward T. Bullmore , J. Suckling et al. (2019). Neural self-representation in autistic women and association with ‘compensatory camouflaging’ . Autism, 23(5), 1210-1223. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318807159 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2892828630
    OpenAlex
  62. For-Wey Lung , Bih-Ching Shu , Tung-Liang Chiang , Shio-Jean Lin (2019). Prevalence of bullying and perceived happiness in adolescents with learning disability, intellectual disability, ADHD, and autism spectrum disorder . Medicine, 98(6), e14483. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014483 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2912613520
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. Laura Hull , K.V. Petrides , Will Mandy (2020). The Female Autism Phenotype and Camouflaging: a Narrative Review . Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 7(4), 306-317. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40489-020-00197-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3004137504
    OpenAlex OpenCitations
  64. Milton D. (2017). A mismatch of salience. Explorations of the nature of autism from theory to practice . A mismatch of salience. Explorations of the nature of autism from theory to practice.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  65. Monique Botha * , Bridget Dibb , David M. Frost (2020). "Autism is me": An investigation of how autistic individuals make sense of autism and stigma. Center for Open Science.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/gv2mw OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4245116485
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  66. Emma Kinnaird , Catherine Stewart , Kate Tchanturia (2019). Investigating alexithymia in autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis . European Psychiatry, 55, 80-89. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.09.004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2899269258
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  67. Hayley Morgan (2018). A mismatch of salience: explorations of the nature of autism from theory to practice . Disability & Society, 33(10), 1681-1683. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2018.1541617 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2906494691
    OpenAlex
  68. Blumer H. (1986). Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method . Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  69. Henry Wood-Downie , Bonnie Wong , Hanna Kovshoff , Will Mandy , Laura Hull , Julie A. Hadwin (2021). Sex/Gender Differences in Camouflaging in Children and Adolescents with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(4), 1353-1364. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04615-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3044619148
    OpenAlex OpenCitations
  70. Bem DJ. (1972). Self-perception theory . Adv Exp Soc Psychol, 6(1), 1.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  71. Mead GH (1934). Mind, Self, and Society . Mind, Self, and Society, 253.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  72. Alexandra Leedham , Andrew R. Thompson , Richard Smith , Megan Freeth (2020). ‘I was exhausted trying to figure it out’: The experiences of females receiving an autism diagnosis in middle to late adulthood . Autism, 24(1), 135-146. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319853442 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2947577397
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  73. Ashleigh Hillier , Nicholas Gallop , Eva Mendes , Dylan Tellez , Abigail Buckingham , Afreen Nizami et al. (2020). LGBTQ + and autism spectrum disorder: Experiences and challenges . International Journal of Transgender Health, 21(1), 98-110. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2019.1594484 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2941421950
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  74. Erving Goffman (2023). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life . In Social Theory Re-Wired (pp. 450-459). Routledge.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.4324/9781003320609-59 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4367314869
    Crossref OpenAlex
  75. Sami Timimi , Damian Milton * , Virginia Bovell , Steven K. Kapp * , Ginny Russell (2019). Deconstructing Diagnosis: Four Commentaries on a Diagnostic Tool to Assess Individuals for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Autonomy (Birm), 1(6), 26.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2958492418
    Crossref OpenAlex
  76. Scheepers D (2019). Social identity theory BT . In: Sassenberg K, Vliek MLW, eds. Social Psychology in Action: Evidence-Based Interventions from Theory to Practice. Springer International Publishing;, 129.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  78. Tajfel H. (1979). Organizational identity: A reader . Organizational Identity: A Reader, 56(65), 9780203505984.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  79. (n.d.). Du Bois WEB. Strivings of the negro people. The Atlantic. 1897. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1897/08/strivings-of-the-negro-people/305446/ (accessed July13 2020).
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  80. Kimberlé Crenshaw (2021). Intersectionality . In Understanding Racism: Theories of Oppression and Discrimination (pp. 180-193). SAGE Publications, Inc..
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.4135/9781071818671.n13 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4316083775
    Crossref OpenAlex
  81. Leon Festinger (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance . Stanford University Press.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.1515/9781503620766 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4300107936
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  82. Fulton R (n.d.). Sensory Trauma: Autism, Sensory Difference and the Daily Experience of Fear . Sensory Trauma: Autism, Sensory Difference and the Daily Experience of Fear.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  84. Hull L (2020). Hull L,, Petrides KV,, Mandy W. The female autism phenotype and camouflaging: A narrative review. Rev J Autism Dev Disord. 2020. DOI: 10. 1007/s40489-020-00197-9. Rev J Autism Dev Disord.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  85. María Tubío Fungueiriño , Sara Cruz , Adriana Sampaio , Angel Carracedo , Montse Fernández Prieto (2021). Social Camouflaging in Females with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(7), 2190-2199. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04695-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3085436973
    OpenAlex
  87. Melvin Seeman , Erving Goffman (1964). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. American Sociological Review, 29(5), 770. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/2091442 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4297361601
    OpenAlex
  88. Hodgetts S (2020). Sex/gender differences in the human brain . In: Koob GF, Salla SD, eds. Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. Elsevier Science;, 1.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  89. Tubío-Fungueiriño M (2020). Tubío-Fungueiriño M,, Cruz S,, Sampaio A,, Carracedo A,, Fernández-Prieto M. Social camouflaging in females with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020. doi.org/10. 1007/s10803-020-04695. J Autism Dev Disord.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  90. (n.d.). Lord C Rutter M DiLavore P Risi S Gotham K Bishop S. Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2) Modules 1–4. 2012.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  91. Lai M-C (2019). Lai M-C,, Lombardo MV,, Chakrabarti B, et al. Neural self-representation in autistic women and association with ‘compensatory camouflaging.’ Autism. 2019;23(5):1210–1223. Autism.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  92. Milton DEM (2012). Milton DEM. On the ontological status of autism: The ‘double empathy problem.’ Disability Soc. 2012;27(6):883–887. Disability Soc.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  93. Monique Botha * , Jacqueline Hanlon , Gemma Williams * (2020). Does language matter? Identity-first versus person-first language use in autism research: A response to vivanti . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50, 691. Center for Open Science.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/75n83 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4240339336
    Crossref
  94. (n.d.). Rose K. An autistic identity. 2019. https://theautisticadvocate.com/2019/03/an-autistic-identity/ (accessed June28 2020.)
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  95. Wood-Downie H (2020). Wood-Downie H,, Wong B,, Kovshoff H,, Mandy W,, Hull L,, Hadwin JA. Sex/gender differences in camouflaging in children and adolescents with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020. [Epub ahead of Print]. doi: 10. 1007/s10803-020-04615-z. J Autism Dev Disord.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  96. (n.d.). Montague A. How my son's autism diagnosis led to my own. 2018. https://www.scarymommy.com/how-my-sons-autism-diagnosis-led-to-my-own/ (accessed October14 2020).
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  97. (n.d.). Siegler A. My son's diagnosis lead to my own. 2019. https://www.fierceautie.com/2019/02/my-sons-diagnosis-lead-to-my-own.html?m=1 (accessed October16 2020).
    Type: Other
    Crossref