Déficience ou différence ? Le cas des capacités de théorie de l’esprit et de la compétence pragmatique dans le spectre de l’autisme

Titre original en anglais : Impairment or difference? The case of Theory of Mind abilities and pragmatic competence in the Autism Spectrum

Cette publication est incluse dans le projet « Contributions académiques de personnes autistes sur l’autisme ». un auteur·ice de cette publication est identifié·e comme autiste dans le projet.

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Marocchini, E. (2023). Impairment or difference? The case of Theory of Mind abilities and pragmatic competence in the Autism Spectrum. Applied Psycholinguistics, 44(3), 365-383. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716423000024

Date de publication: 01/02/2023 Ajout dans AutiHub: 27/09/2026 Type: Article Langue de l’article: Anglais
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Auteurs

Auteur·ices des publications
1
Auteur·ices de la publication identifié·es comme autistes
1 / 1 (100,0 %)
  1. Eleonora Marocchini *

Résumé

Résumé Les recherches psycholinguistiques sur la pragmatique dans la population neurotypique ont de plus en plus conceptualisé la compétence pragmatique et les compétences cognitives connexes en termes de différences individuelles, de discours coconstruit et de négociation du sens. Cependant, les recherches sur la pragmatique dans le spectre de l’autisme sont issues d’une vision large et biaisée de la communication autistique comme fondamentalement compromise et des capacités pragmatiques autistiques comme déficientes. Principalement en raison de l’influente théorie d’un déficit de théorie de l’esprit, les premières recherches sur la communication autistique présumaient une déficience pragmatique unitaire, pour constater ensuite que plusieurs capacités pragmatiques semblent être « préservées ». Cependant, l’interprétation de ces résultats prend généralement une tournure capacitiste, car la plupart des études suggèrent par la suite que la performance de surface ne devrait pas être interprétée comme une compétence, mais plutôt comme le résultat de stratégies « compensatoires ». Le nombre croissant de contributions d’universitaires autistes et de recherches participatives a enrichi le domaine de nouvelles perspectives mettant l’accent sur les différences plutôt que sur les déficiences et formulant des hypothèses sur les difficultés de communication entre neurotypes plutôt qu’au sein d’un neurotype spécifique. Toutefois, ces contributions ne sont presque jamais citées dans les travaux les plus importants. En conclusion, le domaine bénéficierait d’un niveau plus élevé de citation des recherches dirigées par des personnes autistes et d’un changement de perspective épistémologique au sein de la communauté universitaire majoritairement neurotypique.

Abstract Psycholinguistic research on pragmatics in the neurotypical population has increasingly framed pragmatic competence and related cognitive skills in terms of individual differences, co-constructed discourse, and meaning negotiation. However, research on pragmatics in the Autism Spectrum has risen from a wide and biased view of autistic communication as fundamentally compromised and autistic pragmatic abilities as impaired. Mostly due to the impactful theory of a deficit in Theory of Mind, early research on autistic communication presumed a unitary pragmatic impairment, only to find that several pragmatic abilities seem to be “preserved.” However, the interpretation of these findings usually takes an ableist turn, as most studies subsequently suggest that surface-level performance should not be interpreted as competence, but rather as a result of “compensatory” strategies. The raising number of contributions from autistic academics and participatory research enriched the field with new perspectives focusing on differences rather than impairments and drawing hypotheses on communication difficulties between neurotypes rather than within a specific neurotype. However, such contributions are hardly ever cited in the most prominent works. In conclusion, the field would benefit from a higher level of citation of autistic-led research and from an epistemological perspective shift within the mostly neurotypical academic community.

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Références citées
104
Avec un DOI
100
Sans DOI, à partir du texte brut de la bibliographie
3
12 / 104 (11,5 %) références citées comprennent au moins une personne identifiée comme autiste.
Références avec données à compléter
1 / 104 (1,0 %)
Références avec noms d’auteurices détectés
103 / 104 (99,0 %)
Sans nom d’auteurice détecté
1
Sans titre structuré
1
Sans identifiant stable
3
Références avec noms bruts d’auteurices restant à vérifier
1
Références avec problème de récupération des métadonnées externes
1
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Noms d’auteurices détectés dans la bibliographie citée
331
À partir du DOI ou de métadonnées externes
331
À partir du texte brut validé de la bibliographie
0
Noms bruts déjà validés
0
Noms bruts restant à vérifier
7
106 / 331 (32,0 %) noms sont associés à un·e auteurice déjà présent·e dans AutiHub. 225 / 331 (68,0 %) noms ne sont pas encore associés.
Noms associés à une personne identifiée comme autiste
14 / 331 (4,2 %)
Calculé sur l’ensemble des noms d’auteurices détectés dans la bibliographie citée. Parmi les noms associés à un·e auteurice déjà présent·e dans AutiHub : 14 / 106 (13,2 %). Personnes distinctes identifiées comme autistes : 9 / 283 (3,2 %).
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