“I’m Excited to Have my Voice Heard”: Understanding Autism Research Participation From the Perspective of Autistic Women, Non-Binary Adults, and Parents of Autistic Girls

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Putnam, O., Eddy, G., Crowley LaPoint, S., Swisher, M., & Harrop, C. (2025). “I’m Excited to Have my Voice Heard”: Understanding Autism Research Participation From the Perspective of Autistic Women, Non-Binary Adults, and Parents of Autistic Girls. Neurodiversity, 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/27546330251324007

Publication date: 24 Apr 2025 Added to AutiHub: 27 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
5
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 5 (20.0%)

Abstract

The purpose of this qualitative study is to better understand how underrepresented gender groups within the autism community engage with autism research as participants. Using reflexive thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with autistic women, autistic non-binary adults, and parents of autistic girls/women (N = 41), we identified themes that encompass motivations to participate in research, barriers to participation, and elements of a research study that facilitate or hinder the research experience. Some themes overlapped with previous research with different groups of community members. However, other themes surrounding representation in autism research and the importance of community in facilitating research participation were novel and particularly salient among members of these underrepresented gender groups. This study builds upon previous research aimed at understanding gender-specific research priorities to extend the field's understanding of research participation for these historically underrepresented groups. Themes from the current study can therefore improve the facilitation of future research partnerships with members of this community to achieve shared research goals moving forward.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 11:55.

Cited references
62
With a DOI
58
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
4
16 / 62 (25.8%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
1 / 62 (1.6%)
References with detected author names
61 / 62 (98.4%)
Without detected author names
1
Without a structured title
1
Without a stable identifier
4
References with raw author names still to review
1
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
339
From DOI or external metadata
339
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
1
172 / 339 (50.7%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 167 / 339 (49.3%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
37 / 339 (10.9%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 37 / 172 (21.5%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 31 / 305 (10.2%).
  1. Jerry Willis (2007). Foundations of Qualitative Research: Interpretive and Critical Approaches . SAGE Publications, Inc..
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. Clare Sarah Allely (2019). Understanding and recognising the female phenotype of autism spectrum disorder and the “camouflage” hypothesis: a systematic PRISMA review . Advances in Autism, 5(1), 14-37. Emerald.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Éric Fombonne (2003). Epidemiological Surveys of Autism and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders: An Update . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(4), 365-382. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Kathryn Asbury , Umar Toseeb , Naomi Barrow (2024). What do parents of nonverbal and minimally verbal autistic children think about genomic autism research? Autism, 28(7), 1838-1846. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Carolyn E. B. McCormick , Brian C. Kavanaugh , Danielle Sipsock , Giulia Righi , Lindsay M. Oberman , Daniel Moreno De Luca et al. (2020). Autism Heterogeneity in a Densely Sampled U.S. Population: Results From the First 1,000 Participants in the RI‐CART Study . Autism Research, 13(3), 474-488. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2261 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3001242986
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Carlo V. Bellieni , Raffaele Rocchi , Giuseppe Buonocore (2012). The Ethics of Pain Clinical Trials on Persons Lacking Judgment Ability: Much to Improve . Pain Medicine, 13(3), 427-433. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Robert Chapman *Autistic author. Learn more… (2020). Defining neurodiversity for research and practice . In Neurodiversity Studies (pp. 218-220). Routledge.
    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Irina Zamora , Marian E. Williams , Marcia Higareda , Barbara Y. Wheeler , Pat Levitt (2016). Brief Report: Recruitment and Retention of Minority Children for Autism Research . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(2), 698-703. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. Varun Warrier , David M. Greenberg , Elizabeth Weir , Clara Buckingham , P. Smith , Meng-Chuan Lai et al. (2020). Elevated rates of autism, other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diagnoses, and autistic traits in transgender and gender-diverse individuals . Nature Communications, 11(1), 3959. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Jennifer S. Singh (2015). Narratives of Participation in Autism Genetics Research . Science, Technology, & Human Values, 40(2), 227-249. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. Julie Lounds Taylor , Leann Smith DaWalt (2020). Working toward a better understanding of the life experiences of women on the autism spectrum . Autism, 24(5), 1027-1030. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Erin E. Watkins , Zachary J. Zimmermann , Alan Poling (2014). The gender of participants in published research involving people with autism spectrum disorders . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(2), 143-146. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Kristen Bottema-Beutel , Shannon Crowley LaPoint , Micheal Sandbank , Tiffany G. Woynaroski (2021). Adverse event reporting in intervention research for young autistic children . Autism, 25(2), 322. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Anila M. D'Mello , Isabelle R. Frosch , Cindy E. Li , Annie L. Cardinaux , John D.E. Gabrieli (2022). Exclusion of females in autism research: Empirical evidence for a “leaky” recruitment‐to‐research pipeline . Autism Research, 15(10), 1929-1940. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2795 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4292601991
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Celia B. Fisher (2003). Goodness‐of‐fit ethic for informed consent to research involving adults with mental retardation and developmental disabilities . Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 9(1), 27-31. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2022). Thematic Analysis . In Thematic analysis: a practical guide (pp. 1-7). Springer International Publishing.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  17. M. Ariel Cascio , Jonathan Weiss , Éric Racine (2021). Making Autism Research Inclusive by Attending to Intersectionality: a Review of the Research Ethics Literature . Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 8(1), 22-36. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Ginny Russell , Sal Stapley , Tamsin Newlove‐Delgado , Andrew Salmon , Rhianna White , Fiona Warren et al. (2022). Time trends in autism diagnosis over 20 years: a UK population‐based cohort study . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(6), 674-682. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Magan Trottier , Wendy Roberts , Irene Drmic , Stephen W. Scherer , Rosanna Weksberg , Cheryl Cytrynbaum et al. (2013). Parents’ Perspectives on Participating in Genetic Research in Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(3), 556-568. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Paige E. Cervantes , Maya Matheis , Jasper Estabillo , Dana E. M. Seag , Katherine L. Nelson , Robin Peth-Pierce et al. (2021). Trends Over a Decade in NIH Funding for Autism Spectrum Disorder Services Research . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(8), 2751-2763. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Meng-Chuan Lai , Simon Baron-Cohen (2015). Identifying the lost generation of adults with autism spectrum conditions . The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(11), 1013. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Bonnie Evans (2013). How autism became autism . History of the Human Sciences, 26(3), 3-31. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Jiayi Chen , Dazhi Yao , Shuanglan Lin , Shuai Yuan , Mian Wang , Hongmei Wu et al. (2026). Application of the community-based participatory research in autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review . Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 275(2), 496. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  24. Kaaren Haas , Debra Costley , Marita Falkmer , Amanda Richdale , Kate Sofronoff , Torbjörn Falkmer (2016). Factors Influencing the Research Participation of Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(5), 1793-1805. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. N. Navot , A. G. Jorgenson , Sara Jane Webb (2017). Maternal experience raising girls with autism spectrum disorder: a qualitative study . Child: Care, Health and Development, 43(4), 536-545. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Marion Rutherford , Karen McKenzie , Tess Johnson , Ciara Catchpole , Anne O’Hare , Iain McClure et al. (2016). Gender ratio in a clinical population sample, age of diagnosis and duration of assessment in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 20(5), 628-634. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Emily F. Dillon , Stephen Kanne , Rebecca J. Landa , Robert Annett , Raphael Bernier , Catherine Bradley et al. (2023). Sex differences in autism: Examining intrinsic and extrinsic factors in children and adolescents enrolled in a national ASD cohort . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(4), 1305. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Wendy E. Shaia , Helen M. Nichols , Sarah Dababnah , Karen Campion , Nicole Garbarino (2020). Brief Report: Participation of Black and African-American Families in Autism Research . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(5), 1841-1846. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Anika Langmann , Joachim Becker , Luise Poustka , Katja Becker , Inge Kamp-Becker (2017). Diagnostic utility of the autism diagnostic observation schedule in a clinical sample of adolescents and adults . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 34, 34-43. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Gunter Heylens , Lore Aspeslagh , Jesper Dierickx , Kariann Baetens , Birgit Van Hoorde , Griet De Cuypere et al. (2018). The Co-occurrence of Gender Dysphoria and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults: An Analysis of Cross-Sectional and Clinical Chart Data . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(6), 2217-2223. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Jennifer Cross (2017). NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity . Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 38(2), 119-119. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    OpenAlex
  32. Sue Fletcher-Watson , Kenneth Larsen , Erica Salomone , Members of the COST ESSEA Working Groups (2019). What do parents of children with autism expect from participation in research? A community survey about early autism studies . Autism, 23(1), 175-186. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Matthew J. Maenner , Zachary Warren , Ashley Robinson Williams , Esther Amoakohene , Amanda V. Bakian , Deborah A. Bilder et al. (2023). Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020 . MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 72(2), 1-14. Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Caroline Kelly , Shivani Sharma , Anna-Theresa Jieman , Shulamit Ramon (2024). Sense-making narratives of autistic women diagnosed in adulthood: a systematic review of the qualitative research . Disability & Society, 39(3), 663-695. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Clare Harrop , Erin J. Libsack , Raphael Bernier , Mirella Dapretto , Allison Jack , James C. McPartland et al. (2021). Do Biological Sex and Early Developmental Milestones Predict the Age of First Concerns and Eventual Diagnosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder? Autism Research, 14(1), 156-168. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2446 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3110566956
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee. (2023). 2021-2023 IACC strategic plan for autism research services and policy. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee. https://iacc.hhs.gov/publications/strategic-plan/2023/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  37. Aimilia Kallitsounaki , David M. Williams (2023). Autism spectrum disorder and gender dysphoria/incongruence. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(8), 3103. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. Meng-Chuan Lai , Hsiang‐Yuan Lin , Stephanie H. Ameis (2022). Towards equitable diagnoses for autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across sexes and genders . Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 35(2), 90-100. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Victoria Clarke , Virginia Braun (2014). Thematic Analysis . In Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology (pp. 1947-1952). Springer New York.
    OpenCitations
  40. Malterud, K., Siersma, V., & Guassora, A. D. (2020). Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (2nd ed., pp. 67–81) . Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (2nd ed., pp. 67–81).
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  41. Silberman S. (2016). Neurotribes: The legacy of autism and the future of neurodiversity . Choice Reviews Online, 53(08), 53-3753-53-3753. American Library Association.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  42. Melissa Maye , Brian A. Boyd , Frances Martínez-Pedraza , Alycia Halladay , Audrey Thurm , DAVID S. MANDELL (2022). Biases, barriers, and possible solutions: Steps towards addressing autism researchers’ under-engagement with racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse communities . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(9), 4206. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Kirsti Malterud , Volkert Siersma , Ann Dorrit Guassora (2021). Information power: Sample content and size in qualitative studies. In Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (2nd ed.). (pp. 67-81). American Psychological Association.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1037/0000252-004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3175574956
    OpenAlex
  44. Goldie A. McQuaid , Allison B. Ratto , Allison Jack , Alexis Khuu , Jessica V Smith , Sean C Duane et al. (2024). Gender, assigned sex at birth, and gender diversity: Windows into diagnostic timing disparities in autism . Autism, 28(11), 2806-2820. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. The National Institutes of Health (2021). Fiscal Years 2021-2025: Strategic Plan to Advance Research on the Health and Well-being of Sexual and Gender Minorities . Fiscal Years 2021-2025: Strategic Plan to Advance Research on the Health and Well-being of Sexual and Gender Minorities.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  46. SocioCultural Research Consultants, LLC. (2024). Dedoose . Dedoose.
    Type: Other
    Crossref