Sex Differences in the Developmental Trajectories of Autism Spectrum Disorder

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McFayden, T., Putnam, O., Grzadzinski, R., & Harrop, C. (2023). Sex Differences in the Developmental Trajectories of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 10(1), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-023-00270-y

Publication date: 27 Jan 2023 Added to AutiHub: 27 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
4
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 4 (25.0%)
  1. Tyler McFayden
  2. Orla Putnam *
  3. Rebecca Grzadzinski
  4. Clare Harrop

Abstract

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Females and males are disproportionately diagnosed with autism, a sex difference that has historically represented this neurodevelopmental condition. The current review examines lifespan developmental trajectories of autism based on sex to elucidate behavioral phenotypic differences that may contribute to differential rates of diagnosis. RECENT FINDINGS: We review sex differences in diagnostic criteria: social communication and restricted interests/repetitive behaviors (RRBs). Results suggest RRBs are more indicative of a diagnosis in males, whereas social differences are more indicative of a diagnosis in females. Factors contributing to a later diagnosis in females include social strengths (camouflaging) and diagnostic overshadowing. SUMMARY: Sex differences in diagnostic criteria may contribute to differential rates of identification in males and females. Sex differences are most pronounced when assessing naturalistic social communication instead of reliance on standardized measure. Numerous future directions are identified including increasing samples of sub-threshold autistic females and evaluating longitudinal sex differences.

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These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 01:01.

Cited references
114
With a DOI
107
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
7
4 / 114 (3.5%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
6 / 114 (5.3%)
References with detected author names
110 / 114 (96.5%)
Without detected author names
4
Without a structured title
6
Without a stable identifier
6
References with raw author names still to review
4
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
809
From DOI or external metadata
809
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
12
281 / 809 (34.7%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 528 / 809 (65.3%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
4 / 809 (0.5%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 4 / 281 (1.4%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 4 / 614 (0.7%).
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