Are the diagnostic rates of autistic females increasing? An examination of state‐wide trends

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Harrop, C., Tomaszewski, B., Putnam, O., Klein, C., Lamarche, E., & Klinger, L. (2024). Are the diagnostic rates of autistic females increasing? An examination of state‐wide trends. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 65(7), 973-983. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13939

Publication date: 5 Jan 2024 Added to AutiHub: 27 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) Full text OpenAlex source

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Authors

Publication authors
6
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 6 (16.7%)
  1. Clare Harrop
  2. Brianne Tomaszewski
  3. Orla Putnam *
  1. Claire Klein
  2. Elena Lamarche
  3. Laura Klinger

Abstract

Background Autism has been considered a ‘male‐dominant’ condition. However, recent research suggests that autistic females are underdiagnosed, misdiagnosed, and later diagnosed. Females may also have different and more nuanced behavioral profiles. To examine diagnosis rates of females, we used 20 years of state‐wide data to characterize historical trends in the diagnosis of autism in females to determine whether the proportion of females diagnosed with autism has changed over time. Methods Data were drawn from 10,247 participants (males = 8,319, females = 1928) who received an autism diagnosis between 2000 and 2021 from state‐wide autism centers associated with the University of North Carolina TEACCH Autism Program. Results The rates of females diagnosed with autism increased at a greater rate compared with males. Age of diagnosis remained consistently higher for females. Late diagnosis (defined as 13+) increased over time across both males and females, however, was more commonly associated with females, particularly those with co‐occurring intellectual disability. Conclusions Our results indicate that the proportion of females diagnosed with autism has increased steadily over a 20‐year period, which likely reflects greater societal knowledge of how autism may manifest differentially in females.

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Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 11:55.

Cited references
104
With a DOI
86
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
18
5 / 104 (4.8%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
3 / 104 (2.9%)
References with detected author names
101 / 104 (97.1%)
Without detected author names
3
Without a structured title
2
Without a stable identifier
18
References with raw author names still to review
2
References with external metadata lookup issues
1
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
677
From DOI or external metadata
677
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
2
192 / 677 (28.4%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 485 / 677 (71.6%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
5 / 677 (0.7%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 5 / 192 (2.6%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 5 / 521 (1.0%).
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