Autism and the ‘double empathy problem’

Authors

Abstract

Drawing upon both personal experience of being autistic and a parent to an autistic child, as well as theory and relevant interdisciplinary research, this chapter explores few questions, arguing that such a way of framing autism and empathy is deeply problematic. Definitions of empathy relate to a breadth of cognitive and subjective states, often as Baron-Cohen indicates, split into ‘cognitive’ and ‘affective’ empathy. In contrast to psychopathy and narcissism, which are often characterised as resulting from deficits in affective empathy, autism have been linked to a deficit in cognitive empathy. Milton suggests that the power relationships that can form between autistic people and psych-professionals who may see their ‘patients’ as lacking in socialisation, empathy, moral competency, and even full humanity can produce forms of psycho-emotional disablement, constraining not only what people can do but also what they can be and become.

1. Lorna Wing (1988). The Continuum of Autistic Characteristics . In Diagnosis and assessment in autism (pp. 91-110). Springer US.

   Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0792-9_7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W66225797

   OpenAlex
2. Henri Tajfel , John Turner (2000). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict . In Organizational Identity (pp. 56-65). Oxford University PressOxford.

   Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199269464.003.0005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W90970949

   OpenAlex
3. Andrew McDonnell , John McEvoy , R. L. Dearden (1994). Coping with violent situations in the caring environment . In Violence and Health Care Professionals (pp. 189-206). Springer US.

   Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-2863-4_11 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W113789450

   OpenAlex
4. Ruth Sample (2012). Autism and the Extreme Male Brain . In Philosophy of Autism (pp. 73-101). The Rowman &Littlefield Publishing Group.

   Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.5040/9798881818784.ch-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W127857728

   OpenAlex
5. JAMES N. SUSSEX (1967). The Empty Fortress: Infantile Autism and the Birth of the Self . Pediatrics, 40(2), 312-313. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.40.2.312 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1498374542

   OpenAlex
6. Simon Baron-Cohen (1999). Theory of mind and autism: a fifteen year review . In Understanding Other Minds (pp. 3-20). Oxford University PressOxford.

   Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198524465.003.0001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1501622688

   OpenAlex
7. Robert M. Pirsig (1991). Lila: An Inquiry into Morals .

   Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1518467193

   OpenAlex
8. Melanie Yergeau *Autistic author. Learn more… (2013). Clinically Significant Disturbance: On Theorists Who Theorize Theory of Mind . Disability Studies Quarterly, 33(4), 1. The Ohio State University Libraries.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.18061/dsq.v33i4.3876 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1592123415

   AutiHub · Autistic Scholars OpenAlex
9. (2004). The Essential Difference: The Truth about the Male and Female Brain . The Journal of Men's Health & Gender, 1(1), 98. SAGE Publications.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jmhg.2004.03.024 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1653210696

   OpenAlex
10. Gemma L. Unwin (2012). Managing Aggressive Behaviour in Care Settings: Understanding and Applying Low Arousal Approaches . Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56(9), 916-918. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01520.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1774725582

    OpenAlex
11. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… (2012). On the ontological status of autism: the ‘double empathy problem’ . Disability & Society, 27(6), 883-887. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2012.710008 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1968949608

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars OpenAlex
12. Lorna Wing , Judith Gould (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9(1), 11-29. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf01531288 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1970293309

    OpenAlex
13. Timothy M. Krahn , Andrew Fenton (2012). The Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism and the Potential Adverse Effects for Boys and Girls with Autism . Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 9(1), 93-103. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s11673-011-9350-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1998181160

    OpenAlex
14. Ivan Fras (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis . Psychosomatics, 9(4), 243-244. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s0033-3182(68)71853-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2015190303

    OpenAlex
15. Anthony F. C. Wallace , Harold Garfinkel (1968). Studies in Ethnomethodology. American Sociological Review, 33(1), 124. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/2092245 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2024642405

    OpenAlex
16. Dinah Murray *Autistic author. Learn more… , Mike Lesser *Autistic author. Learn more… , Wenn Lawson *Autistic author. Learn more… (2005). Attention, monotropism and the diagnostic criteria for autism . Autism, 9(2), 139-156. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361305051398 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2028337741

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars OpenAlex
17. Simon Baron-Cohen (2009). The empathising‐systemising theory of autism: implications for education . Tizard Learning Disability Review, 14(3), 4-13. Emerald.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1108/13595474200900022 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2028357784

    OpenAlex
18. Daniel J. Povinelli , Theodore J. Povinelli (1996). Mindblindness. An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind . Trends in Neurosciences, 19(7), 299-300. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(96)60013-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2033873846

    OpenAlex
19. Naustin Deslauriers (1967). The Empty Fortress: Infantile Autism and the Birth of the Self. Archives of General Psychiatry, 17(4), 510. American Medical Association (AMA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1967.01730280126018 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2050405400

    OpenAlex
20. Jeanette Kennett (2002). Autism, Empathy and Moral Agency . The Philosophical Quarterly, 52(208), 340-357. Oxford University Press (OUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1467-9213.00272 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2073333597

    OpenAlex
21. Iris Marion Young (1997). Intersecting Voices . Princeton University Press.

    Type: Book DOI: 10.1515/9780691216355 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2081561318

    OpenAlex
22. Bryan S. Turner (1989). From Orientalism to Global Sociology . Sociology, 23(4), 629-638. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0038038589023004007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2093328209

    OpenAlex
23. Simon Baron-Cohen , Alan M. Leslie , Uta Frith (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition, 21(1), 37-46. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2093410327

    OpenAlex
24. Jean Decety , Philip L. Jackson (2004). The Functional Architecture of Human Empathy . Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71-100. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1534582304267187 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2096476371

    OpenAlex
25. Jonathan Green , Tony Charman , Helen McConachie , Catherine Aldred , Vicky Slonims , Patricia Howlin et al. (2010). Parent-mediated communication-focused treatment in children with autism (PACT): a randomised controlled trial . The Lancet, 375(9732), 2152-2160. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60587-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2099484012

    OpenAlex
26. Sula Wolff (2004). Autism: Explaining the enigma. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(1), 172-173. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-3-00211.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2111882181

    OpenAlex
27. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… (2014). Autistic expertise: A critical reflection on the production of knowledge in autism studies . Autism, 18(7), 794-802. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361314525281 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2122352988

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center OpenAlex
28. Richard Cook , Rebecca Brewer , Punit Shah , Geoffrey Bird (2013). Alexithymia, Not Autism, Predicts Poor Recognition of Emotional Facial Expressions . Psychological Science, 24(5), 723-732. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0956797612463582 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2137322949

    OpenAlex
29. Steven D Stagg , Rachel Slavny , Charlotte Hand , Alice Cardoso , Pamela Smith (2014). Does facial expressivity count? How typically developing children respond initially to children with autism . Autism, 18(6), 704-711. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361313492392 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2147947280

    OpenAlex
30. Elizabeth Pellicano , Adam Dinsmore , Tony Charman (2014). What should autism research focus upon? Community views and priorities from the United Kingdom . Autism, 18(7), 756-770. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361314529627 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2155427676

    AutiHub · Documentation center OpenAlex
31. Elizabeth Sheppard , Dhanya Pillai , Genevieve Tze-Lynn Wong , Danielle Ropar , Peter Mitchell (2016). How Easy is it to Read the Minds of People with Autism Spectrum Disorder? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(4), 1247-1254. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2662-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2175842555

    OpenAlex
32. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… , Michael Bracher (2013). Autistics speak but are they heard . Medical Sociology, 7(2), 61.

    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2337764906

    OpenAlex
33. Erin Y Liu , Anne TM Konkle (2011). Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism . Revue interdisciplinaire des sciences de la santé - Interdisciplinary Journal of Health Sciences, 2(1), 32. University of Ottawa Library.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.18192/riss-ijhs.v2i1.1525 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2340123142

    OpenAlex
34. Rosanna Edey , Jennifer Cook , Rebecca Brewer , Mark H. Johnson , Geoffrey Bird , Clare Press (2016). Interaction takes two: Typical adults exhibit mind-blindness towards those with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(7), 879-885. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/abn0000199 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2517906838

    OpenAlex
35. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… (2016). Disposable dispositions: reflections upon the work of Iris Marion Young in relation to the social oppression of autistic people . Disability & Society, 31(10), 1403-1407. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2016.1263468 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2567616908

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars OpenAlex
36. Noah J. Sasson , Daniel J. Faso , Jack Nugent , Sarah Lovell , Daniel P. Kennedy , Ruth B. Grossman (2017). Neurotypical Peers are Less Willing to Interact with Those with Autism based on Thin Slice Judgments . Scientific Reports, 7(1), 40700-40700. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/srep40700 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2585989266

    OpenAlex
37. Morton Ann Gernsbacher , Jennifer L. Stevenson , Sebastian Dern (2017). Specificity, contexts, and reference groups matter when assessing autistic traits . PLOS ONE, 12(2), e0171931. Public Library of Science (PLoS).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171931 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2588252846

    OpenAlex
38. Kristen Gillespie-Lynch , Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… , Patricia J. Brooks , Jonathan Pickens , Ben Schwartzman (2017). Whose Expertise Is It? Evidence for Autistic Adults as Critical Autism Experts . Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 438-438. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00438 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2601691194

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars OpenAlex
39. Brett Heasman , Alex Gillespie (2018). Perspective-taking is two-sided: Misunderstandings between people with Asperger’s syndrome and their family members . Autism, 22(6), 740-750. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361317708287 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2727105378

    OpenAlex
40. Dimitris Bolis , Joshua Balsters , Nicole Wenderoth , Cristina Becchio , Leonhard Schilbach (2017). Beyond Autism: Introducing the Dialectical Misattunement Hypothesis and a Bayesian Account of Intersubjectivity . Psychopathology, 50(6), 355-372. S. Karger AG.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1159/000484353 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2764030498

    OpenAlex
41. Lauren V. Usher , Catherine A. Burrows , Daniel S. Messinger , Heather A. Henderson (2018). Metaperception in Adolescents With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(2), 533-548. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3356-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2765509887

    OpenAlex
42. Noah J. Sasson , Kerrianne E Morrison (2019). First impressions of adults with autism improve with diagnostic disclosure and increased autism knowledge of peers . Autism, 23(1), 50-59. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361317729526 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2766361726

    OpenAlex
43. Noah J. Sasson , Kerrianne E. Morrison , Amy E. Pinkham , Daniel J. Faso , Michael Chmielewski (2018). Brief Report: Adults with Autism are Less Accurate at Predicting How Their Personality Traits are Evaluated by Unfamiliar Observers . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(6), 2243-2248. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3487-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2786008869

    OpenAlex
44. Sue Fletcher‐Watson , Jonathan Adams *Autistic author. Learn more… , Kabie Brook *Autistic author. Learn more… , Tony Charman , Laura Crane , James Cusack *Autistic author. Learn more… et al. (2019). Making the future together: Shaping autism research through meaningful participation . Autism, 23(4), 943-953. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318786721 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2807975560

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center OpenAlex
45. Ruth B Grossman , Julia Mertens , Emily Zane (2019). Perceptions of self and other: Social judgments and gaze patterns to videos of adolescents with and without autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 23(4), 846-857. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318788071 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2883007253

    OpenAlex
46. Brett Heasman , Alex Gillespie (2019). Neurodivergent intersubjectivity: Distinctive features of how autistic people create shared understanding . Autism, 23(4), 910-921. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318785172 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2886786591

    OpenAlex
47. Sarah Cassidy , Louise Bradley , Rebecca Shaw , Simon Baron-Cohen (2018). Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults . Molecular Autism, 9(1), 42. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2887488849

    OpenAlex
48. Gray Atherton , Ben Lummis , Susan X Day , Liam Cross (2019). What am I thinking? Perspective-taking from the perspective of adolescents with autism . Autism, 23(5), 1186-1200. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318793409 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2896590611

    OpenAlex
49. Rosalind Ridley (2019). Some difficulties behind the concept of the ‘Extreme male brain’ in autism research. A theoretical review . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 57, 19-27. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2018.09.007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2896884465

    OpenAlex
50. Anna Remington , Elizabeth Pellicano (2019). ‘Sometimes you just need someone to take a chance on you’: An internship programme for autistic graduates at Deutsche Bank, UK . Journal of Management & Organization, 25(04), 516-534. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/jmo.2018.66 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2900312912

    OpenAlex
51. Eilidh Cage , Zoe Troxell-Whitman (2019). Understanding the Reasons, Contexts and Costs of Camouflaging for Autistic Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1899-1911. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-03878-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2909219349

    OpenAlex
52. Christina Nicolaidis , Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… , Noah J. Sasson , Elizabeth Sheppard , Melanie Yergeau *Autistic author. Learn more… (2019). An Expert Discussion on Autism and Empathy . Autism in Adulthood, 1(1), 4-11. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2018.29000.cjn OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2910231098

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars OpenAlex
53. Hanna Bertilsdotter Rosqvist *Autistic author. Learn more… (2019). Doing things together . Alter, 13-3, 168-178. OpenEdition.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.alter.2019.03.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2922548119

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars OpenAlex
54. Robert Chapman *Autistic author. Learn more… (2019). Autism as a Form of Life: Wittgenstein and the Psychological Coherence of Autism . Metaphilosophy, 50(4), 421-440. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/meta.12366 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2944876762

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars OpenAlex
55. Wenn Lawson *Autistic author. Learn more… (2010). The Passionate Mind: How People with Autism Learn .

    Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2945422391

    OpenAlex
56. Brett Heasman , Alex Gillespie (2019). Participants Over-Estimate How Helpful They Are in a Two-Player Game Scenario Toward an Artificial Confederate That Discloses a Diagnosis of Autism . Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1349. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01349 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2947842890

    OpenAlex
57. Rabi Samil Alkhaldi , Elizabeth Sheppard , Peter Mitchell (2019). Is There a Link Between Autistic People Being Perceived Unfavorably and Having a Mind That Is Difficult to Read? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(10), 3973-3982. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04101-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2949760813

    OpenAlex
58. Eilidh Cage , Holly Burton (2019). Gender Differences in the First Impressions of Autistic Adults . Autism Research, 12(10), 1495-1504. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2191 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2968496926

    OpenAlex
59. Melisa Stevanovic , Pentti Henttonen , Emmi Koskinen , Anssi Peräkylä , Taina Nieminen von-Wendt , Elina Sihvola et al. (2019). Physiological responses to affiliation during conversation: Comparing neurotypical males and males with Asperger syndrome . PLOS ONE, 14(9), e0222084. Public Library of Science (PLoS).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222084 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2974448709

    OpenAlex
60. Chloe Alice Holloway , Nell Munro , John Jackson , Sophie Phillips *Autistic author. Learn more… , Danielle Ropar (2020). Exploring the autistic and police perspectives of the custody process through a participative walkthrough . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 97, 103545. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2019.103545 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2993176013

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars OpenAlex
61. Morton Ann Gernsbacher , Melanie Yergeau *Autistic author. Learn more… (2019). Empirical failures of the claim that autistic people lack a theory of mind. Archives of Scientific Psychology, 7(1), 102-118. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/arc0000067 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2994917579

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars OpenAlex
62. Iris Schneid , Aviad E. Raz (2020). The mask of autism: Social camouflaging and impression management as coping/normalization from the perspectives of autistic adults . Social Science & Medicine, 248, 112826. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112826 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3003216866

    OpenAlex
63. Mirabel Pelton , Hayley Crawford , Ashley Robertson , Jacqui Rodgers , Simon Baron-Cohen , Sarah Cassidy (2020). Understanding Suicide Risk in Autistic Adults: Comparing the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in Autistic and Non-autistic Samples . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3620-3637. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04393-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3010260927

    OpenAlex
64. Eleanor Buckley , Elizabeth Pellicano , Anna Remington (2021). “The Real Thing I Struggle with is Other People’s Perceptions”: The Experiences of Autistic Performing Arts Professionals and Attitudes of Performing Arts Employers in the UK . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(1), 45-59. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04517-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3023240124

    OpenAlex
65. Catherine J. Crompton , Danielle Ropar , Claire VM Evans-Williams *Autistic author. Learn more… , Emma G. Flynn , Sue Fletcher‐Watson (2020). Autistic peer-to-peer information transfer is highly effective . Autism, 24(7), 1704-1712. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320919286 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3026879779

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars OpenAlex
66. Harriet Hummerstone , Sarah Parsons (2021). What makes a good teacher? Comparing the perspectives of students on the autism spectrum and staff . European Journal of Special Needs Education, 36(4), 610-624. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/08856257.2020.1783800 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3040118136

    OpenAlex
67. Christie Welch , Deb Cameron , Margaret Fitch , Helene Polatajko (2022). From “since” to “if”: using blogs to explore an insider-informed framing of autism . Disability & Society, 37(4), 638-661. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2020.1836479 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3093514897

    OpenAlex
68. Katie Maras , Jade Eloise Norris , Jemma Nicholson , Brett Heasman , Anna Remington , Laura Crane (2021). Ameliorating the disadvantage for autistic job seekers: An initial evaluation of adapted employment interview questions . Autism, 25(4), 1060-1075. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320981319 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3100349529

    OpenAlex
69. Peter Mitchell , Elizabeth Sheppard , Sarah Cassidy (2021). Autism and the double empathy problem: Implications for development and mental health . British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 39(1), 1-18. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12350 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3119501104

    OpenAlex
70. Julia Cook , Laura Crane , Laura Bourne , Laura Hull , Will Mandy (2021). Camouflaging in an everyday social context: An interpersonal recall study . Autism, 25(5), 1444-1456. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361321992641 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3129900907

    OpenAlex
71. Mara Bollard (2013). Psychopathy, Autism and Questions of Moral Agency . PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation).

    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3136932490

    OpenAlex
72. Yu-Lun Chen , Laura L Senande , Michael Thorsen , Kristie Patten (2021). Peer preferences and characteristics of same-group and cross-group social interactions among autistic and non-autistic adolescents . Autism, 25(7), 1885-1900. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211005918 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3175643835

    OpenAlex
73. Linda M. Bambara , Christine L. Cole , Alana Telesford , Kathleen Bauer , Irem Bilgili-Karabacak , Amanda Weir et al. (2021). Using Peer Supports to Encourage Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder to Show Interest in Their Conversation Partners . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64(12), 4845-4860. American Speech Language Hearing Association.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00150 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3208206062

    OpenAlex
74. Mary Doherty *Autistic author. Learn more… , Stuart Neilson , Jane O’Sullivan , Laura Carravallah *Autistic author. Learn more… , Mona Johnson *Autistic author. Learn more… , Walter Cullen et al. (2022). Barriers to healthcare and self-reported adverse outcomes for autistic adults: a cross-sectional study . BMJ Open, 12(2), e056904. BMJ.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056904 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4213379370

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars OpenAlex
75. Nichole E. Scheerer , Troy Q. Boucher , Noah J. Sasson , Grace Iarocci (2022). Effects of an Educational Presentation About Autism on High School Students' Perceptions of Autistic Adults . Autism in Adulthood, 4(3), 203-213. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2021.0046 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4224044760

    OpenAlex
76. Catherine J. Crompton , Sue Fletcher‐Watson , Danielle Ropar (2019). Autistic peer to peer information transfer is highly effective. Center for Open Science.

    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/j4knx OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4236498172

    OpenAlex
77. Dinah Murray *Autistic author. Learn more… (2018). Monotropism – An Interest Based Account of Autism . In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders (pp. 1-3). Springer New York.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102269-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4237894990

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars OpenAlex
78. (1996). Empathy: a social psychological approach . Choice Reviews Online, 34(04), 34-2454-34-2454. American Library Association.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.5860/choice.34-2454 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4242300465

    OpenAlex
79. A. E. M. , George H. Mead , Charles W. Morris (1935). Mind, Self and Society. From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. The Journal of Philosophy, 32(6), 162. Philosophy Documentation Center.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/2016046 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4245274409

    OpenAlex
80. Ronald Primeau , Robert M. Pirsig (1976). Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance . College Composition and Communication, 27(1), 77. National Council of Teachers of English.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/356169 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4249736050

    OpenAlex
81. Wei Ai , William A. Cunningham , Meng-Chuan Lai (2022). Reconsidering autistic ‘camouflaging’ as transactional impression management . Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(8), 631-645. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.05.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4281707972

    OpenAlex
82. Georgia Pavlopoulou , Claire J. Usher , Amy Pearson *Autistic author. Learn more… (2022). ‘I can actually do it without any help or someone watching over me all the time and giving me constant instruction’: Autistic adolescent boys' perspectives on engagement in online video gaming . British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 40(4), 557-571. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12424 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4281741350

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars OpenAlex
83. Melvin Seeman , Erving Goffman (1964). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. American Sociological Review, 29(5), 770. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/2091442 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4297361601

    OpenAlex
84. Catherine Wanner , Valentyna Pavlenko (2023). Cultivating an empathic impulse in wartime Ukraine . In Conversations on Empathy (pp. 135-153). Routledge.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.4324/9781003189978-10 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4313493510

    OpenAlex
85. Douglas Hollan (2023). Dynamics and vicissitudes of empathy . In Conversations on Empathy (pp. 101-115). Routledge.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.4324/9781003189978-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4313497611

    OpenAlex
86. Erving Goffman (2023). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life . In Social Theory Re-Wired (pp. 450-459). Routledge.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.4324/9781003320609-59 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4367314869

    OpenAlex
87. Krysia Emily Waldock *Autistic author. Learn more… , Michelle Mccarthy , Jill Bradshaw (2021). Conceptualising belonging: the views of Autistic people (poster 2021) . Unpublished.

    Type: Abstract DOI: 10.13140/rg.2.2.10271.69280 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W6884953597

    OpenAlex
88. McDonnell, Andrew M. (2010). Managing aggressive behaviour in care settings understanding and applying low arousal approaches .

    Type: Other OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W7039711197

    OpenAlex
89. Mead, George Herbert 1863-1931 , Morris, Charles W. 1903-1979 (1967). Mind, self, and society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist .

    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W7048938611

    OpenAlex