Participants Over-Estimate How Helpful They Are in a Two-Player Game Scenario Toward an Artificial Confederate That Discloses a Diagnosis of Autism

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

Heasman, B. & Gillespie, A. (2019). Participants Over-Estimate How Helpful They Are in a Two-Player Game Scenario Toward an Artificial Confederate That Discloses a Diagnosis of Autism. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1349-1349. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01349

Publication date: 11 Jun 2019 Added to AutiHub: 30 Aug 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) Full text OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
2
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 2 (50.0%)
  1. Brett Heasman *
  2. Alex Gillespie

Abstract

Research on how autistic people are perceived by neurotypical people indicates that disclosing a diagnosis leads to a positive discriminatory bias; however, autobiographical autistic accounts indicate that diagnostic disclosure often results in negative discriminatory behavior. We report on an exploratory study to compare people's self-reported helping behavior with their actual helping behavior toward an assumed autistic collaborator. We led 255 participants to believe that they were interacting online with a real person to play Dyad3D, a maze navigation game where players must work together to open doors, and complete the levels. However, participants were actually playing with an artificial confederate (AC) that is programmed to behave the same way across all interactions. This design enabled us to manipulate the diagnostic status of the AC that participants received prior to collaboration across three conditions: no disclosure, dyslexia-disclosure, and autism-disclosure. We use this method to explore two research questions: (1) is Dyad3D viable in creating a simulated interaction that could deceive participants into believing they were collaborating with another human player online? and (2) what are the effects of disclosing an autism diagnosis on social perception and collaboration? Combined with a post-game questionnaire, we compared differences between diagnostic conditions and differences between self-reported behavior and actual behavior in the game. Our findings show that Dyad3D proved to be an efficient and viable method for creating a believable interaction (deception success rate >96%). Moreover, diagnostic disclosure of autism results in the AC being perceived as more intelligent and useful, but participants also perceived themselves to be more helpful toward the AC than they actually were. We evaluate the strengths and limitations of the current method and provide recommendations for future research. The source code for Dyad3D is freely available (CC-BY-NC 4.0) so that the study is reproducible and open to future adaptation.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 13 Sep 2026 01:04.

Cited references
68
With a DOI
58
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
10
8 / 68 (11.8%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
8 / 68 (11.8%)
References with detected author names
68 / 68 (100.0%)
Without detected author names
0
Without a structured title
8
Without a stable identifier
10
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
172
From DOI or external metadata
172
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
0
57 / 172 (33.1%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 115 / 172 (66.9%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
9 / 172 (5.2%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 9 / 57 (15.8%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 5 / 146 (3.4%).
  1. Kevin Corti , Alex Gillespie (2015). A truly human interface: interacting face-to-face with someone whose words are determined by a computer program . Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 634-634. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00634 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1498415254
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. Solomon E. Asch (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 70(9), 1-70. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/h0093718 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2063597719
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Fritz Heider , Marianne Simmel (1944). An Experimental Study of Apparent Behavior . The American Journal of Psychology, 57(2), 243. University of Illinois Press.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/1416950 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1968340857
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Carol Grbich (2013). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Introduction . SAGE Publications Ltd.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.4135/9781529799606 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1522222847
    OpenAlex
  5. Jeremy N. Bailenson , Andrew C. Beall , Jack Loomis , Jim Blascovich , Matthew Turk (2004). Transformed Social Interaction: Decoupling Representation from Behavior and Form in Collaborative Virtual Environments . Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 13(4), 428-441. MIT Press - Journals.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1162/1054746041944803 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2108892445
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Mark Brosnan , Elizabeth Mills (2016). The effect of diagnostic labels on the affective responses of college students towards peers with ‘Asperger’s Syndrome’ and ‘Autism Spectrum Disorder’ . Autism, 20(4), 388-394. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361315586721 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2273844424
    Crossref OpenCitations
  7. Jaci C. Huws , Robert S. P. Jones (2011). Missing voices: representations of autism in British newspapers, 1999–2008 . British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39(2), 98-104. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3156.2010.00624.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1530959596
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Susanna Baldwin , Debra Costley , Anthony Warren (2014). Employment Activities and Experiences of Adults with High-Functioning Autism and Asperger’s Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(10), 2440-2449. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2112-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1980367882
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. Steven K. Kapp * , Kristen Gillespie-Lynch , Lauren E. Sherman , Ted Hutman (2013). Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 59-71. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/a0028353 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2124715426
    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Juanne Nancarrow Clarke (2012). Representations of Autism in US Magazines for Women in Comparison to the General Audience . Journal of Children and Media, 6(2), 182-197. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/17482798.2011.587143 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1561586272
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. Jim Blascovich , Jack Loomis , Andrew C. Beall , Kimberly R. Swinth , Crystal L. Hoyt , Jeremy N. Bailenson (2002). TARGET ARTICLE: Immersive Virtual Environment Technology as a Methodological Tool for Social Psychology . Psychological Inquiry, 13(2), 103-124. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1207/s15327965pli1302_01 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1713757920
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Damian Milton * , Brett Heasman * , Elizabeth Sheppard (2018). Double Empathy . In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders (pp. 1-8). Springer New York.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102273-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4234897114
    Crossref OpenCitations
  13. Boelstorff (2008). B5 Coming of Age in Second Life: An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human..
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  14. Rita Obeid , Nidal Daou , Danielle DeNigris , Christina Shane‐Simpson , Patricia J. Brooks , Kristen Gillespie-Lynch (2015). A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Knowledge and Stigma Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder Among College Students in Lebanon and the United States . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(11), 3520-3536. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2499-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1932511174
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Rebecca Brewer , Federica Biotti , Caroline Catmur , Clare Press , Francesca Happé , Richard Cook et al. (2016). Can Neurotypical Individuals Read Autistic Facial Expressions? Atypical Production of Emotional Facial Expressions in Autism Spectrum Disorders . Autism Research, 9(2), 262-271. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.1508 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2159450620
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Devon White , Ashleigh Hillier , Alice Frye , Emily Makrez (2019). College Students’ Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Students on the Autism Spectrum . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(7), 2699-2705. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2818-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2402547458
    Crossref OpenCitations
  17. Rhidian Hughes , Meg Huby (2012). The construction and interpretation of vignettes in social research . Social Work and Social Sciences Review, 11(1), 36-51. Whiting & Birch, Ltd..
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1921/17466105.11.1.36 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2082498402
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Jennifer C. Sarrett (2011). Trapped Children: Popular Images of Children with Autism in the 1960s and 2000s . Journal of Medical Humanities, 32(2), 141-153. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10912-010-9135-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1968901362
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Stanley Milgram (1963). Behavioral Study of obedience. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371-378. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/h0040525 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1969900674
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Patrick Chambres , Catherine Auxiette , Carole Vansingle , Sandrine Gil (2008). Adult Attitudes Toward Behaviors of a Six-year-old Boy with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(7), 1320-1327. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-007-0519-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2053721518
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Chell (2006). Experiences of parenting young people with a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome: a focus group study. Int. J. Psychiatr. Nurs. Res., 11, 1348.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  24. Nicholas Chown * , Luke Beardon (2017). Theoretical Models and Autism . In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders (pp. 1-7). Springer New York.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102171-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3033269643
    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenCitations
  25. Susy Ridout (2017). The autistic voice and creative methodologies . Qualitative Research Journal, 17(1), 52-64. Emerald.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1108/qrj-07-2016-0046 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2586579485
    Crossref OpenCitations
  26. Simon Evans (2012). Virtual Selves, Real Relationships: An Exploration of the Context and Role for Social Interactions in the Emergence of Self in Virtual Environments . Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 46(4), 512-528. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s12124-012-9215-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1981437644
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Will Mandy , Tony Charman , Kaija Puura , David Skuse (2014). Investigating the cross-cultural validity of DSM-5 autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from Finnish and UK samples . Autism, 18(1), 45-54. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361313508026 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2133891196
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Angelo J. Kinicki , Peter W. Hom , Melanie R. Trost , Kim J. Wade (1995). Effects of category prototypes on performance-rating accuracy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(3), 354-370. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.80.3.354 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1982674722
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Joyce Davidson , Victoria L. Henderson (2010). ‘Coming out’ on the spectrum: autism, identity and disclosure . Social & Cultural Geography, 11(2), 155-170. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/14649360903525240 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1989287842
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Laura Crane , Rachel Wilcock , Katie Maras , Wing Chui , Carmen Marti-Sanchez , Lucy A. Henry (2020). Mock Juror Perceptions of Child Witnesses on the Autism Spectrum: The Impact of Providing Diagnostic Labels and Information About Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(5), 1509-1519. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3700-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2884855268
    Crossref OpenCitations
  31. Helen Moore , Alex Gillespie (2014). The caregiving bind: Concealing the demands of informal care can undermine the caregiving identity . Social Science & Medicine, 116, 102-109. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.038 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1992419116
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Noah J. Sasson , Daniel J. Faso , Jack Nugent , Sarah Lovell , Daniel P. Kennedy , Ruth B. Grossman (2017). Neurotypical Peers are Less Willing to Interact with Those with Autism based on Thin Slice Judgments . Scientific Reports, 7(1), 40700. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/srep40700 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2585989266
    Crossref OpenCitations
  33. David A. Kenny (1988). Interpersonal Perception: A Social Relations Analysis . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5(2), 247-261. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/026540758800500207 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1995525040
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Dekker (1999). B16 On Our Own Terms: Emerging Autistic Culture. in Autism99 Proceedings.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  35. Alex Gillespie , Joan Murphy , Morag Place (2010). Divergences of perspective between people with aphasia and their family caregivers . Aphasiology, 24(12), 1559-1575. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/02687038.2010.500810 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2022379554
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Caroline Treweek , Chantelle Wood , Jilly Martin , Megan Freeth (2019). Autistic people’s perspectives on stereotypes: An interpretative phenomenological analysis . Autism, 23(3), 759. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318778286 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2802267269
    Crossref OpenCitations
  37. Adrian Furnham (1986). Response bias, social desirability and dissimulation . Personality and Individual Differences, 7(3), 385-400. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(86)90014-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2024132711
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. Daniel J. Faso , Noah J. Sasson , Amy E. Pinkham (2015). Evaluating Posed and Evoked Facial Expressions of Emotion from Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(1), 75-89. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2194-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2091680322
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Vikram K. Jaswal , Nameera Akhtar (2019). Being versus appearing socially uninterested: Challenging assumptions about social motivation in autism . Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 42, e82. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x18001826 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2809138493
    Crossref OpenCitations
  41. Morton Ann Gernsbacher , Jennifer L. Stevenson , Sebastian Dern (2017). Specificity, contexts, and reference groups matter when assessing autistic traits . PLOS ONE, 12(2), e0171931. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171931 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2588252846
    Crossref OpenCitations
  42. Gillespie (2018). “Imagining the self through cultural technologies,” in . Handbook in Imagination and Culture, 301.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  43. CHARLES GOODWIN (2004). A Competent Speaker Who Can't Speak: The Social Life of Aphasia . Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 14(2), 151-170. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1525/jlin.2004.14.2.151 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2144061622
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Tanya King , Ian Warren (2009). Coming of Age in Second Life: An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human . The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 20(3), 404-405. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1757-6547.2009.00060.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2056270892
    OpenAlex
  45. Alex Gillespie , Julie Hald (2017). The paradox of helping: Contradictory effects of scaffolding people with aphasia to communicate . PLOS ONE, 12(8), e0180708. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180708
    Crossref OpenCitations
  46. Pearl King , R. D. Laing , H. Phillipson , A. R. Lee (1967). Interpersonal Perception: A Theory and a Method of Research . The British Journal of Sociology, 18, 319. JSTOR.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/588644 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2061755146
    OpenAlex
  47. Ruth B Grossman (2015). Judgments of social awkwardness from brief exposure to children with and without high-functioning autism . Autism, 19(5), 580-587. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361314536937 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2114929102
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Nick Yee , Jeremy N. Bailenson , Nicolas Ducheneaut (2009). The Proteus Effect . Communication Research, 36(2), 285-312. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0093650208330254 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2072645711
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. Debbie Gooch , Margaret Snowling , Charles Hulme (2011). Time perception, phonological skills and executive function in children with dyslexia and/or ADHD symptoms . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(2), 195-203. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02312.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2114204835
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  50. Kipling D. Williams , Christopher K. T. Cheung , Wilma Choi (2000). Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 748-762. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.748 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2087608601
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Grbich (2013). B27 Qualitative Data Analysis: an Introduction.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  52. Elizabeth Sheppard , Dhanya Pillai , Genevieve Tze-Lynn Wong , Danielle Ropar , Peter Mitchell (2016). How Easy is it to Read the Minds of People with Autism Spectrum Disorder? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(4), 1247-1254. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2662-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2175842555
    Crossref OpenCitations
  53. Hacking (1999). B29 The Social Construction of What?..
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  54. Francisco Ortega (2009). The Cerebral Subject and the Challenge of Neurodiversity . BioSocieties, 4(4), 425-445. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s1745855209990287 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2158271805
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Ashley J Harrison , Mylissa M Slane , Linh Hoang , Jonathan M Campbell (2017). An international review of autism knowledge assessment measures . Autism, 21(3), 262-275. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361316638786 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2346007298
    Crossref OpenCitations
  56. Rob McCarney , James Warner , Steve Iliffe , Robbert van Haselen , Mark Griffin , Peter Fisher (2007). The Hawthorne Effect: a randomised, controlled trial . BMC Medical Research Methodology, 7(1), 30-30. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-7-30 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2114691160
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Heasman (2017). B31 Employers May Discriminate Against Autism Without Realising. LSE Business Review..
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  58. Heasman (2018). B32 Enabling Autistic Sociality: Unrealised Potentials in Two-sided Social Interaction..
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  59. Joanne Neale (2016). Iterative categorization (IC): a systematic technique for analysing qualitative data . Addiction, 111(6), 1096-1106. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/add.13314 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2281670772
    Crossref OpenCitations
  61. Gustav Ichheiser (1943). Structure and Dynamics of Interpersonal Relations . American Sociological Review, 8(3), 302. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/2085084
    Crossref OpenCitations
  62. Brett Heasman * , Alex Gillespie (2018). Perspective-taking is two-sided: Misunderstandings between people with Asperger’s syndrome and their family members . Autism, 22(6), 740-750. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361317708287 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2727105378
    Crossref OpenCitations
  63. Noah J. Sasson , Kerrianne E Morrison (2019). First impressions of adults with autism improve with diagnostic disclosure and increased autism knowledge of peers . Autism, 23(1), 50-59. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361317729526 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2766361726
    Crossref OpenCitations
  64. Trevor Powell , Louise Acker (2016). Adults’ Experience of an Asperger Syndrome Diagnosis . Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 31(1), 72-80. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1088357615588516 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2266169933
    Crossref OpenCitations
  65. Laing (1966). B43 Interpersonal Perception: A Theory and a Method of Research..
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  66. R. Michael Bagby , Margarita B. Marshall (2003). Positive Impression Management and Its Influence on the Revised NEO Personality Inventory: A Comparison of Analog and Differential Prevalence Group Designs. Psychological Assessment, 15(3), 333-339. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.15.3.333
    OpenCitations
  67. Mead (1934). B46 Mind, Self, and Society From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  68. David Smukler (2005). Unauthorized Minds: How “Theory of Mind” Theory Misrepresents Autism . Mental Retardation, 43(1), 11-24. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1352/0047-6765(2005)43<11:umhtom>2.0.co;2
    Crossref OpenCitations