Specificity, contexts, and reference groups matter when assessing autistic traits

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Gernsbacher, M. A., Stevenson, J. L., & Dern, S. (2017). Specificity, contexts, and reference groups matter when assessing autistic traits. PLOS ONE, 12(2), e0171931. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171931

Publication date: 13 Feb 2017 Added to AutiHub: 22 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) Full text OpenAlex source

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Authors

Publication authors
3
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 3 (33.3%)
  1. Morton Ann Gernsbacher
  2. Jennifer L. Stevenson
  3. Sebastian Dern *

Abstract

Many of the personality and behavioral traits (e.g., social imperviousness, directness in conversation, lack of imagination, affinity for solitude, difficulty displaying emotions) that are known to be sensitive to context (with whom?) and reference group (according to whom?) also appear in questionnaire-based assessments of autistic traits. Therefore, two experiments investigated the effects of specifying contexts and reference groups when assessing autistic traits in autistic and non-autistic participants. Experiment 1 (124 autistic and 124 non-autistic participants) demonstrated that context matters when assessing autistic traits (F(1,244) = 267.5, p <.001, η2p =.523). When the context of the Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire was specified as the participants' out-group (e.g., "I like being around non-autistic people" or "I like being around autistic people"), both autistic and non-autistic participants self-reported having more autistic traits; when the context was specified as the participants' in-group, participants reported having fewer autistic traits. Experiment 2 (82 autistic and 82 non-autistic participants) demonstrated that reference group matters when assessing autistic traits (F(2,160) = 94.38, p <.001, η2p =.541). When the reference group on the Social Responsiveness Scale was specified as the participants' out-group (e.g., "According to non-autistic people, I have unusual eye contact"), autistic participants reported having more autistic traits; when the reference group was their in-group, autistic participants reported having fewer autistic traits. Non-autistic participants appeared insensitive to reference group on the Social Responsiveness Scale. Exploratory analyses suggested that when neither the context nor the reference group is specified (for assessing autistic traits on the Autism-Spectrum Quotient), both autistic and non-autistic participants use the majority ("non-autistic people") as the implied context and reference group.

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Cited references
129
With a DOI
115
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
12
2 / 129 (1.6%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
7 / 129 (5.4%)
References with detected author names
125 / 129 (96.9%)
Without detected author names
4
Without a structured title
4
Without a stable identifier
9
References with raw author names still to review
1
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
477
From DOI or external metadata
477
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
1
80 / 477 (16.8%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 397 / 477 (83.2%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
2 / 477 (0.4%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 2 / 80 (2.5%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 2 / 430 (0.5%).
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