Social Evaluation of Neurotype-Dependent Media Contents in Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults

Authors

Abstract

Background: Media is central in shaping social evaluations of different human groups. Despite prevailing media portrayals harboring detrimental stereotypes of autism, autistic people actively use media as an accessible space for connection, advocacy, and community. Autistic people tend to resonate more with autistic peers, whereas non-autistic people form less favorable impressions of autistic people. No study has directly examined autistic and non-autistic people’s social evaluations of media content produced by autistic people or about autistic lived experiences. Here, we examined neurotype-dependent social evaluation using a novel, ecologically valid task. Methods: We compiled autistic-content and non-autistic-content videos from publicly available interviews, vlogs, reality TV, and documentaries. An advisory board of five autistic members vetted the clips. We presented these videos to 73 autistic and 223 non-autistic adults recruited from Prolific. Participants rated and interpreted the videos on three dimensions of social evaluation: connectedness (relatedness, identification), content clarity (understanding of the video), and valanced judgments (enjoyment, discomfort, friendliness, awkwardness). We used mixed factorial analysis of variance to examine differences in ratings by video conditions and participant neurotypes. We examined participants’ video interpretations using reflexive thematic and content analyses, complemented by a generalized linear mixed model to compare group differences quantitatively. Results: Autistic and non-autistic adults reported greater relatedness, identification, and understanding of video contents matching their own neurotypes. Autistic adults also reported greater enjoyment and friendliness of autistic-content videos than non-autistic-content videos. Open-text interpretations showed neurotype-dependent patterns: non-autistic adults evaluated autistic-content videos more negatively, while both groups related more to neurotype-matched videos and expressed non-relatedness to mismatched ones. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of recognizing neurotype-associated differences in evaluating and interpreting media. These differences may arise from divergent social expectations and experiences. They also suggest online spaces may support autistic sociality and well-being.

1. Uwe Flick (2014). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis . SAGE Publications, Inc..

   Type: Book DOI: 10.4135/9781446282243 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W436832653

   Crossref OpenAlex
2. Chao Guo , Gregory D. Saxton (2014). Tweeting Social Change . Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(1), 57-79. SAGE Publications.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0899764012471585 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3123087563

   Crossref OpenAlex
3. Mojtaba Vaismoradi , Hannele Turunen , Terese Bondas (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study . Nursing & Health Sciences, 15(3), 398-405. Wiley.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12048 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1924618820

   Crossref OpenAlex
4. Ausat AMA (2023). The role of social media in shaping public opinion and its influence on economic decisions . J Technology, 1(1), 35.

   Type: Other

   Crossref
5. Danielle Mathersul , Skye McDonald , Jacqueline A. Rushby (2013). Psychophysiological correlates of social judgement in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder . International Journal of Psychophysiology, 87(1), 88-94. Elsevier BV.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.11.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1968544428

   Crossref OpenAlex
6. Vikram K. Jaswal , Nameera Akhtar (2019). Being versus appearing socially uninterested: Challenging assumptions about social motivation in autism . Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 42, e82. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x18001826 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2809138493

   Crossref OpenAlex
7. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… (2012). On the ontological status of autism: the ‘double empathy problem’ . Disability & Society, 27(6), 883-887. Informa UK Limited.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2012.710008 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1968949608

   AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
8. Deborah M. Ward , Karen E. Dill-Shackleford , Micah O Mazurek (2018). Social Media Use and Happiness in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(3), 205-209. SAGE Publications.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2017.0331 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2792880735

   Crossref OpenAlex
9. Hidetsugu Komeda (2015). Similarity hypothesis: understanding of others with autism spectrum disorders by individuals with autism spectrum disorders . Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9(124), 124-124. Frontiers Media SA.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00124 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1991870548

   Crossref OpenAlex
10. Micah O Mazurek (2013). Social media use among adults with autism spectrum disorders . Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1709-1714. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2040955219

    Crossref OpenAlex
11. Joseph L. Brooks (2012). Counterbalancing for serial order carryover effects in experimental condition orders. Psychological Methods, 17(4), 600-614. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/a0029310 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1995196506

    Crossref OpenAlex
12. Gerrit I. van Schalkwyk , Carla E. Marin , Mayra Ortiz , Max Rolison , Zheala Qayyum , James C. McPartland et al. (2017). Social Media Use, Friendship Quality, and the Moderating Role of Anxiety in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(9), 2805-2813. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3201-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2624875931

    Crossref OpenAlex
13. Francesca Happé , Rhonda Booth (2008). The Power of the Positive: Revisiting Weak Coherence in Autism Spectrum Disorders . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (Hove), 61(1), 50. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/17470210701508731 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1997357666

    Crossref OpenAlex
14. Naseem Alhujaili , Elyse Platt , Sarosh Khalid-Khan , Dianne Groll (2022). Comparison of Social Media Use Among Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Non-ASD Adolescents . Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, Volume 13, 15-21. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.2147/ahmt.s344591 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4210281069

    Crossref OpenAlex
15. Nicholas Andrew Hudson , Jake M. Linnane , Kelly Rayner-Smith (2023). Autism and social media: A systematic review of the user experience . Advances in Autism, 9(3), 201. Emerald.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1108/aia-01-2023-0001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4376626497

    Crossref OpenAlex
16. Teresa Garcia‐Marques , Diane M. Mackie (2007). Familiarity impacts person perception . European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(5), 839-855. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.387 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2042252264

    Crossref OpenAlex
17. Martine Van Driel *Autistic author. Learn more… , John Vines , Belén Barros Pena , Nelya Koteyko (2023). Understanding Autistic Adults' Use of Social Media . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 7(CSCW2), 1-23. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1145/3610048 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4387328664

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
18. Cornelia A. Pauls , Nicolas W. Crost (2004). Effects of faking on self-deception and impression management scales . Personality and Individual Differences, 37(6), 1137-1151. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2003.11.018 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2081180801

    Crossref OpenAlex
19. Ingjerd Skafle , Elia Gabarron , Anders Nordahl-Hansen (2024). Social media shaping autism perception and identity . Autism, 28(10), 2489-2502. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613241230454 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4392108253

    Crossref OpenAlex
20. Troy Campbell , Ed O'Brien , Leaf Van Boven , Norbert Schwarz , Peter Ubel (2014). Too much experience: A desensitization bias in emotional perspective taking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(2), 272-285. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/a0035148 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2091683608

    Crossref OpenAlex
21. Georgina Watts *Autistic author. Learn more… , Catherine J. Crompton , Catherine Grainger , Joseph Long , Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… , Mark Somerville *Autistic author. Learn more… et al. (2025). ‘A certain magic’ – autistic adults’ experiences of interacting with other autistic people and its relation to Quality of Life: A systematic review and thematic meta-synthesis . Autism, 29(9), 2239-2253. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613241255811 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4399290890

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
22. Gregory D. Saxton , Jerome N. Niyirora , Chao Guo , Richard D. Waters (2015). #AdvocatingForChange: The Strategic Use of Hashtags in Social Media Advocacy . Advances in Social Work, 16(1), 154-169. IUPUI University Library.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.18060/17952 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2103163138

    Crossref OpenAlex
23. Joyce Davidson (2008). Autistic culture online: virtual communication and cultural expression on the spectrum . Social & Cultural Geography, 9(7), 791-806. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/14649360802382586 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2118419532

    Crossref OpenAlex
24. Hidetsugu Komeda , Hirotaka Kosaka , Daisuke N Saito , Keisuke Inohara , Toshio Munesue , Makoto Ishitobi et al. (2013). Episodic memory retrieval for story characters in high-functioning autism . Molecular Autism, 4(1), 20. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-4-20 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2105079836

    Crossref OpenAlex
25. Gloria Mittmann , Beate Schrank , Verena Steiner-Hofbauer (2024). Portrayal of autism in mainstream media – a scoping review about representation, stigmatisation and effects on consumers in non-fiction and fiction media . Current Psychology, 43(9), 8008-8017. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04959-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4385074842

    Crossref OpenAlex
26. Catherine Hungerford , Rachel Kornhaber , Sancia West , Michelle Cleary (2025). Autism, stereotypes, and stigma: The impact of media representations . Issues Ment. Issues Ment. Health Nurs., 46(3), 254. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2025.2456698 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4407201979

    Crossref OpenAlex
27. Jamil Zaki , Niall Bolger , Kevin Ochsner (2008). It Takes Two . Psychological Science, 19(4), 399-404. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02099.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2123342102

    Crossref OpenAlex
28. Schwab Bakombo , Paulette Ewalefo , Anne T. M. Konkle (2023). The Influence of Social Media on the Perception of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Content Analysis of Public Discourse on YouTube Videos . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3246. MDPI AG.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043246 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4320493535

    Crossref OpenAlex
29. Hidetsugu Komeda , Hirotaka Kosaka , Daisuke N. Saito , Yoko Mano , Minyoung Jung , Takeshi Fujii et al. (2015). Autistic empathy toward autistic others . Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(2), 145-152. Oxford University Press (OUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu126 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2125306245

    Crossref OpenAlex
30. Anders Nordahl-Hansen , Magnus Tøndevold , Sue Fletcher-Watson (2018). Mental health on screen: A DSM-5 dissection of portrayals of autism spectrum disorders in film and TV . Psychiatry Research, 262, 351-353. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.050 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2748306184

    Crossref OpenAlex
31. John Duffy , Rebecca Dorner (2011). The Pathos of "Mindblindness": Autism, Science, and Sadness in "Theory of Mind" Narratives . Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies, 5(2), 201-215. Liverpool University Press.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3828/jlcds.2011.16 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2139969969

    Crossref OpenAlex
32. Michelle Dean , Anders Nordahl-Hansen (2022). A review of research studying film and television representations of ASD . Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9(4), 470-479. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40489-021-00273-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3173694476

    Crossref OpenAlex
33. Rebecca Brewer , Federica Biotti , Caroline Catmur , Clare Press , Francesca Happé , Richard Cook et al. (2016). Can Neurotypical Individuals Read Autistic Facial Expressions? Atypical Production of Emotional Facial Expressions in Autism Spectrum Disorders . Autism Research, 9(2), 262-271. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.1508 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2159450620

    Crossref OpenAlex
34. Noah Sasson , Daniel J. Faso , Jack Nugent , Sarah Lovell , Daniel P. Kennedy , Ruth B. Grossman (2017). Neurotypical Peers are Less Willing to Interact with Those with Autism based on Thin Slice Judgments . Scientific Reports, 7(1), 40700. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/srep40700 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2585989266

    Crossref OpenAlex
35. Nicholas A. Palomares (2009). Women Are Sort of More Tentative Than Men, Aren't They? Communication Research, 36(4), 538-560. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0093650209333034 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2168609154

    Crossref OpenAlex
36. Kilee M. DeBrabander , Kerrianne E. Morrison , Desiree R Jones , Daniel J. Faso , Mike Chmielewski , Noah Sasson (2019). Do First Impressions of Autistic Adults Differ Between Autistic and Nonautistic Observers? Autism in Adulthood, 1(4), 250-257. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2019.0018 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2969930798

    Crossref OpenAlex
37. Thomas D. Parsons (2015). Virtual Reality for Enhanced Ecological Validity and Experimental Control in the Clinical, Affective and Social Neurosciences . Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 660-660. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00660 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2198599185

    Crossref OpenAlex
38. Alice Turnock , Kate Langley , Catherine RG Jones (2022). Understanding stigma in autism: a narrative review and theoretical model . Autism Adulthood, 4(1), 76. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2021.0005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4214570045

    Crossref OpenAlex
39. Christopher A. Bail (2016). Emotional Feedback and the Viral Spread of Social Media Messages About Autism Spectrum Disorders . American Journal of Public Health, 106(7), 1173-1180. American Public Health Association.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303181 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2397545564

    Crossref OpenAlex
40. Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… , Bridget Dibb , David M. Frost (2022). Autism is me”: an investigation of how autistic individuals make sense of autism and stigma . Disabil Soc, 37(3), 427-453. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2020.1822782 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3092648145

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
41. Kathryn E. Ringland , Christine T. Wolf , Heather Faucett , Lynn Dombrowski , Gillian R. Hayes (2016). "Will I always be not social?" . Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1256-1269. ACM.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1145/2858036.2858038 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2404128142

    Crossref OpenAlex
42. Arnold, L. , Milton, D. , Beardon, L. , Chown, N. (2021). Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders . Springer International Publishing.

    Type: Book DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2738027267

    Crossref OpenAlex
43. Catherine J. Crompton , Martha Sharp , Harriet Axbey *Autistic author. Learn more… , Sue Fletcher-Watson , Emma G. Flynn , Danielle Ropar (2020). Neurotype-Matching, but Not Being Autistic, Influences Self and Observer Ratings of Interpersonal Rapport . Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 586171. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586171 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3094438712

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
44. Danny Dunn *Autistic author. Learn more… , Jay D. de la Garza , Desiree R Jones , Noah Sasson (2023). Awkward but so what: Differences in social trait preferences between autistic and non-autistic adults . Neurodiversity, 1. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/27546330231203833 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4387066983

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
45. Catherine J. Crompton , Sonny Hallett *Autistic author. Learn more… , Danielle Ropar , Emma G. Flynn , Sue Fletcher-Watson (2020). ‘I never realised everybody felt as happy as I do when I am around autistic people’: A thematic analysis of autistic adults’ relationships with autistic and neurotypical friends and family . Autism, 24(6), 1438-1448. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320908976 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3009630179

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
46. Ben Belek (2018). Autism and the Proficiency of Social Ineptitude: Probing the Rules of “Appropriate” Behavior . Ethos, 46(2), 161-179. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/etho.12202 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2805739813

    Crossref OpenAlex
47. Catherine J. Crompton , Danielle Ropar , Claire VM Evans-Williams *Autistic author. Learn more… , Emma G. Flynn , Sue Fletcher-Watson (2020). Autistic peer-to-peer information transfer is highly effective . Autism, 24(7), 1704-1712. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320919286 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3026879779

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
48. Sarah J. Foster *Autistic author. Learn more… , Robert A. Ackerman , Charlotte Wilks , Michelle Dodd *Autistic author. Learn more… , Rachel Maribella Calderon , Danielle Ropar et al. (2025). Rapport in same and mixed neurotype groups of autistic and non-autistic adults . Autism, 29(7), 1700-1710. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613251320444 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4407886924

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
49. Ruth B Grossman , Julia Mertens , Emily Zane (2019). Perceptions of self and other: Social judgments and gaze patterns to videos of adolescents with and without autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 23(4), 846-857. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318788071 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2883007253

    Crossref OpenAlex
50. Catherine J. Crompton , Sarah J. Foster *Autistic author. Learn more… , Charlotte Wilks , Michelle Dodd *Autistic author. Learn more… , Themis Nikolas Efthimiou , Danielle Ropar et al. (2025). Information transfer within and between autistic and non-autistic people . Nature Human Behaviour, 9(7), 1488-1500. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02163-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4410375063

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
51. Brett Heasman *Autistic author. Learn more… , Alex Gillespie (2019). Neurodivergent intersubjectivity: Distinctive features of how autistic people create shared understanding . Autism, 23(4), 910-921. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318785172 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2886786591

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
52. Themis Nikolas Efthimiou , Stephanie Lewis , Sarah J. Foster *Autistic author. Learn more… , Charlotte Wilks , Michelle Dodd *Autistic author. Learn more… , Lorena Jiménez-Sánchez et al. (2025). Diagnostic status influences rapport and communicative behaviours in dyadic interactions between autistic and non-autistic people . PLOS One, 20(8), e0330222. Public Library of Science (PLoS).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0330222 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4413824594

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
53. Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… , David M. Frost (2020). Extending the Minority Stress Model to Understand Mental Health Problems Experienced by the Autistic Population . Society and Mental Health, 10(1), 20-34. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/2156869318804297 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2896204132

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
54. Ginny Russell , Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… , Daisy Elliott , Chris Elphick , Ruth Gwernan‐Jones , Christabel Owens (2019). Mapping the Autistic Advantage from the Accounts of Adults Diagnosed with Autism: A Qualitative Study . Autism in Adulthood, 1(2), 124-133. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2018.0035 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2928298245

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
55. Sarah J. Foster *Autistic author. Learn more… , Desiree R Jones , Amy E. Pinkham , Noah Sasson (2024). Facial Affect Differences in Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults Across Contexts and Their Relationship to First-Impression Formation . Autism in Adulthood, 7(5), 581-593. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2023.0199 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4396495700

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
56. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis . Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589-597. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/2159676x.2019.1628806 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2950504429

    Crossref OpenAlex
57. Lashindri C. Wanigasekera , Murray Maybery , Romina Palermo , Andrew Whitehouse , Diana Tan (2025). First Impressions Towards Autistic People: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis . Autism Research, 18(5), 983-1010. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.70019 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4409694965

    Crossref OpenAlex
58. Francesco Barale , Davide Broglia , Giulia Zelda De Vidovich , Stefania Ucelli di Nemi , Martino Rossi Monti (2019). The Life-World of Persons with Autism . The Oxford Handbook of Phenomenological Psychopathology, 694-709. Oxford University Press.

    Type: Other DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803157.013.104 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2963214637

    Crossref OpenAlex
59. Sue Fletcher-Watson , Francesca Happé (2019). Autism . Routledge.

    Type: Book DOI: 10.4324/9781315101699 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4237621835

    Crossref OpenAlex
60. Dimitris Bolis , Joshua Balsters , Nicole Wenderoth , Cristina Becchio , Leonhard Schilbach (2017). Beyond Autism: Introducing the Dialectical Misattunement Hypothesis and a Bayesian Account of Intersubjectivity . Psychopathology, 50(6), 355-372. S. Karger AG.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1159/000484353 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2764030498

    Crossref
61. R. Michael Bagby , James D.A. Parker , Karin A. Onno , Ardeshir Mortezaei , Graeme J. Taylor (2021). Development and psychometric evaluation of an informant form of the 20-item Toronto alexithymia scale . Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 141, 110329. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110329 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3111574799

    Crossref OpenAlex
62. Jonathan Green , Nicola Shaughnessy (2023). Autistic phenomenology: past, present, and potential future . Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1287209-1287209. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1287209 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4390268303

    Crossref OpenAlex
63. Peter Mitchell , Elizabeth Sheppard , Sarah Cassidy (2021). Autism and the double empathy problem: Implications for development and mental health . British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 39(1), 1-18. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12350 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3119501104

    Crossref OpenAlex
64. Husserl E (1970). The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology: An Introduction to Phenomenological Philosophy . The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology: An Introduction to Phenomenological Philosophy.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
65. Chloe Farahar *Autistic author. Learn more… (2022). Autistic identity, culture, community, and space for well-being . In The Routledge International Handbook of Critical Autism Studies (pp. 229-241). Routledge.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.4324/9781003056577-23 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4307049144

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
66. Thibault R (2014). Can autistics redefine autism? The cultural politics of autistic activism . Trans-Scr J Humanit Soc Sci UC Irvine, 4, 57.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
67. Desiree R Jones , Kilee M. DeBrabander , Noah Sasson (2021). Effects of autism acceptance training on explicit and implicit biases toward autism . Autism, 25(5), 1246-1261. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320984896 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3124162729

    Crossref OpenAlex
68. Agustín Vicente , Ingrid Lossius Falkum (2023). Accounting for the preference for literal meanings in autism spectrum conditions . Mind & Language, 38(1), 119-140. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/mila.12371 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3207199708

    Crossref OpenAlex
69. Andrey Lovakov , Elena R. Agadullina (2021). Empirically derived guidelines for effect size interpretation in social psychology . European Journal of Social Psychology, 51(3), 485-504. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2752 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3128899026

    Crossref OpenAlex
70. Rabi Samil Alkhaldi , Elizabeth Sheppard , Emily Burdett , Peter Mitchell (2021). Do Neurotypical People Like or Dislike Autistic People? Autism in Adulthood, 3(3), 275-279. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2020.0059 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3139990364

    Crossref OpenAlex
71. Nicole E. Rosen , Catherine Lord , Fred R. Volkmar (2021). The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(12), 4253-4270. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04904-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3130188805

    Crossref OpenAlex
72. Laura Hull , Lily Levy , Meng-Chuan Lai , K.V. Petrides , Simon Baron-Cohen , Carrie T. Allison et al. (2021). Is social camouflaging associated with anxiety and depression in autistic adults? Molecular Autism, 12(1), 13. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00421-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3132619758

    Crossref OpenAlex
73. Elizabeth Pellicano , Jacquiline den Houting *Autistic author. Learn more… (2022). Annual Research Review: Shifting from ‘normal science’ to neurodiversity in autism science . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(4), 381-396. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13534 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3208557763

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex
74. Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… , Eilidh Cage (2022). “Autism research is in crisis”: A mixed method study of researcher’s constructions of autistic people and autism research . Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 13. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1050897 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4309855376

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex
75. Karri Gillespie-Smith , Gillian Hendry , Nicole Anduuru , Tracey Laird , Carrie Ballantyne (2021). Using social media to be ‘social’: Perceptions of social media benefits and risk by autistic young people, and parents . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 118, 104081. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104081 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3197755368

    Crossref OpenAlex
76. Mishel Alexandrovsky *Autistic author. Learn more… , Margot Frayne , Meng-Chuan Lai (2025). What is autism? Identity in jeopardy and the collaborative way ahead . Autism, 29(10), 2371. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613251371485 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4413842438

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
77. Kristen Gillespie-Lynch , Jennifer B Bisson , Sabine Saade , Rita Obeid , Bella Kofner *Autistic author. Learn more… , Ashley Johnson Harrison et al. (2022). If you want to develop an effective autism training, ask autistic students to help you . Autism, 26(5), 1082-1094. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211041006 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3198012637

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
78. Julia Cook , Laura Hull , Laura Crane , Will Mandy (2021). Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review . Clinical Psychology Review, 89(102), 102080. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102080 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3198172085

    Crossref OpenAlex
79. (n.d.). Census Bureau Data. Census Bureau Data. https://data.census.gov [Last accessed: August31 2024].

    Type: Other

    Crossref
80. (n.d.). R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. https://www.r-project.org/ [Last accessed: July12 2024].

    Type: Other

    Crossref
81. Catherine Lido , Ariel Swyer , Leyla De Amicis (2021). Social Psychology of Identity and Stereotyping in the Media . In The Psychology of Journalism (pp. 168-199). Oxford University Press.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190935856.003.0007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4205399377

    Crossref OpenAlex
82. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2012). Thematic analysis. In APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology, Vol 2: Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, Neuropsychological, and Biological (pp. 57-71). American Psychological Association.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1037/13620-004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4232488826

    Crossref OpenAlex
83. Marilyn A. Sher , Caroline Oliver (2023). Assessment of self-report response bias in high functioning autistic people . Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 30(3), 229-248. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2021.2006097 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4213088797

    Crossref OpenAlex
84. Sergio Currarini , Friederike Mengel (2016). Identity, homophily and in-group bias . European Economic Review, 90, 40-55. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.02.015 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3122254857

    Crossref
85. Wei Ai , William A. Cunningham , Meng-Chuan Lai (2022). Reconsidering autistic ‘camouflaging’ as transactional impression management . Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(8), 631. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.05.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4281707972

    Crossref OpenAlex
86. Shana R. Cohen , Kohrissa Joseph , Sarah Levinson , Jan Blacher , Abbey Eisenhower (2022). My autism is my own”: autistic identity and intersectionality in the school context . Autism Adulthood, 4(4), 315-327. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2021.0087 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4296699983

    Crossref OpenAlex
87. Sici Zhuang , Diana Tan , Susan Reddrop , Lydia Dean *Autistic author. Learn more… , Murray Maybery , Iliana Magiati (2023). Psychosocial factors associated with camouflaging in autistic people and its relationship with mental health and well-being: A mixed methods systematic review . Clinical Psychology Review, 105, 102335. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102335 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4386701157

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
88. William J. Brady , Joshua Conrad Jackson , Björn Lindström , M.J. Crockett (2023). Algorithm-mediated social learning in online social networks . Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 27(10), 947-960. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.06.008 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4385546082

    Crossref OpenAlex
89. Aysha Jawed , Heather Graham , Jennifer Smith (2023). Digital trends in autism: a scoping review exploring coverage of autism across YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook . Frontiers in Digital Health, 5, 1222187. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2023.1222187 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4387119160

    Crossref OpenAlex
90. Lorna Camus , Gnanathusharan Rajendran , Mary E. Stewart (2024). Social self-efficacy and mental well-being in autistic adults: Exploring the role of social identity . Autism, 28(5), 1258-1267. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613231195799 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4386877998

    Crossref OpenAlex
91. Sarah L Field , Marc O Williams , Catherine RG Jones , John R. E. Fox (2024). A meta-ethnography of autistic people’s experiences of social camouflaging and its relationship with mental health . Autism, 28(6), 1328-1343. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613231223036 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4390702439

    Crossref OpenAlex
92. Nelya Koteyko , Martine Van Driel *Autistic author. Learn more… , Sofia Billan *Autistic author. Learn more… , Belén Barros Pena , John Vines (2025). Stigma Management Strategies of Autistic Social Media Users . Autism in Adulthood, 7(3), 273-282. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2023.0095 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4394693176

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
93. Rachael TS Cheang , Maya Skjevling , Alexandra IF Blakemore , Veena Kumari , Ignazio Puzzo (2025). Do you feel me? Autism, empathic accuracy and the double empathy problem . Autism, 29(9), 2315-2327. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613241252320 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4397007454

    Crossref OpenAlex
94. Olivier Corneille , Bertram Gawronski (2024). Self-reports are better measurement instruments than implicit measures . Nature Reviews Psychology, 3(12), 835-846. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s44159-024-00376-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4403597729

    Crossref OpenAlex
95. Valeria Khudiakova , Mishel Alexandrovsky *Autistic author. Learn more… , Wei Ai , Meng-Chuan Lai (2025). What We Know and Do Not Know About Camouflaging, Impression Management, and Mental Health and Wellbeing in Autistic People . Autism Research, 18(2), 273-280. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.3299 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4405791322

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
96. Desiree R Jones , Noah Sasson (2026). Intersectional effects of race and gender on first impressions of Black and White autistic adults . Autism, 30(2), 452. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613251389291 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4416223771

    Crossref OpenAlex
97. Desiree R Jones , Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… , Noah Sasson (2026). “I’m Kind of Stuck in the Middle. I Don’t Know Where to Go”: Race, Autism, and Intersectional Stigma Among Black and White Autistic Adults . Autism in Adulthood. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/25739581251374440 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W7084086365

    Crossref OpenAlex