“Autism research is in crisis”: A mixed method study of researcher’s constructions of autistic people and autism research

Authors

Abstract

Introduction While not all autism research is ableism, autism researchers can be ableist, including by talking about autistic people in sub-human terms (dehumanization), treating autistic people like objects (objectification), and making othering statements which set autistic people apart from non-autistic people, and below in status (stigmatization). Method This mixed-method study aimed to investigate how autism researchers construct autistic people and autism research, and to investigate whether including autistic people more in research relates to lower ableism in narratives about autistic people. We used a survey with autism researchers ( N = 195) asking five open-ended questions about autism and autism research, as well as demographics, career length, contact with autistic people (familial and non-familial) and degree to which researchers involve autistic people in their research. We used content analysis to categorize narratives used by autism researchers and cues for ableism (dehumanization, objectification, and stigmatization). We then used binary-logistic regression to identify whether narrative or higher inclusion of autistic people predicted fewer ableist cues, controlling for career length and connections to autistic people. Results and discussion Using medicalized narratives of autism predicted higher odds of ableist cues compared to employing social model or neutral embodiment narratives. Greater inclusion of autistic people in research predicted significantly lower odds of ableist cues, while controlling for other contact with autistic people and career length. Next, we used reflexive thematic analysis to analyze researcher’s perceptions of autistic people and autism research. Narratives reflected core ideological disagreements of the field, such as whether researchers consider autism to be an intrinsic barrier to a good life, and whether researchers prioritize research which tackles “autism” versus barriers to societal inclusion for autistic people. Instrumentality (a form of objectification) was key to whether researchers considered a person to have social value with emphasis revolving around intellectual ability and independence. Lastly, language seemed to act as a tool of normalization of violence. Researchers relied on an amorphous idea of “autism” when talking about prevention or eradication, potentially because it sounds more palatable than talking about preventing “autistic people,” despite autism only existing within the context of autistic people.

1. Mary Beth Walsh (2011). The Top 10 Reasons Children With Autism Deserve ABA . Behavior Analysis in Practice, 4(1), 72-79. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf03391777 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W104942623

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
2. Erin E. Andrews (2017). Disability Models . In Practical Psychology in Medical Rehabilitation (pp. 77-83). Springer International Publishing.

   Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-34034-0_9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4253060657

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
3. Cos Michael (2021). Is Being Othered a Co-Occurring Condition of Autism? Autism in Adulthood, 3(2), 118-119. SAGE Publications.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2021.0019 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3153775139

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
4. (2011). A history of autism: conversations with the pioneers . Choice Reviews Online, 48(08), 48-4518-48-4518. American Library Association.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.5860/choice.48-4518 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W156410524

   OpenAlex
5. (2013). B2 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders..

   Type: Other

   Crossref
6. Eilidh Cage , Jessica Di Monaco , Victoria Newell (2019). Understanding, attitudes and dehumanisation towards autistic people . Autism, 23(6), 1373-1383. SAGE Publications.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318811290 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2901663576

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
7. Bonnie Moradi (2013). Discrimination, Objectification, and Dehumanization: Toward a Pantheoretical Framework . Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 60, 153-181. Springer New York.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6959-9_7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W163838294

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
8. Sherry R. Arnstein (1969). A Ladder Of Citizen Participation . Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216-224. Informa UK Limited.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/01944366908977225 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2008251417

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
9. Nick Haslam (2006). Dehumanization: An Integrative Review . Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 252-264. SAGE Publications.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2124809053

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
10. Morton Ann Gernsbacher (2007). On Not Being Human. APS Obs, 20(2), 5.

    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W279745879

    Crossref OpenAlex
11. Hans Asperger (1944). Die „Autistischen Psychopathen” im Kindesalter . Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 117(1), 76-136. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf01837709 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1965210252

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
12. Kristen Bottema‐Beutel , Shannon Crowley , Micheal Sandbank , Tiffany G. Woynaroski (2021). Adverse event reporting in intervention research for young autistic children . Autism, 25(2), 322-335. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320965331 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3093300669

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
13. Mark R. Fondacaro , Darin Weinberg (2002). Concepts of Social Justice in Community Psychology: Toward a Social Ecological Epistemology . American Journal of Community Psychology, 30(4), 473-492. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1015803817117 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1555129561

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
14. Baron-Cohen (2009). B5 Autism Test “Could Hit Maths Skills”..

    Type: Other

    Crossref
15. Laura Roche , Dawn Adams , Megan Clark (2021). Research priorities of the autism community: A systematic review of key stakeholder perspectives . Autism, 25(2), 336-348. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320967790 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3095885114

    AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
16. Hanna Bertilsdotter Rosqvist *Autistic author. Learn more… , Nicholas Chown *Autistic author. Learn more… , Anna Stenning *Autistic author. Learn more… (2020). Neurodiversity Studies . Routledge.

    Type: Book DOI: 10.4324/9780429322297 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3027371659

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
17. Kristen Gillespie-Lynch , Patricia J. Brooks , Fumio Someki , Rita Obeid , Christina Shane‐Simpson , Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… et al. (2015). Changing College Students’ Conceptions of Autism: An Online Training to Increase Knowledge and Decrease Stigma . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(8), 2553-2566. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2422-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2039386588

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
18. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology . Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1979290264

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
19. Bhaskar (1997). B7 A Realist Theory of Science..

    Type: Other

    Crossref
20. Hannah Pickard , Elizabeth Pellicano , Jacquiline den Houting *Autistic author. Learn more… , Laura Crane (2022). Participatory autism research: Early career and established researchers’ views and experiences . Autism, 26(1), 75-87. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211019594 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3164821382

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
21. Herbert G. Kelman (1973). Violence without Moral Restraint: Reflections on the Dehumanization of Victims and Victimizers . Journal of Social Issues, 29(4), 25-61. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1973.tb00102.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1997773317

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
22. Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… , David M. Frost (2020). Extending the Minority Stress Model to Understand Mental Health Problems Experienced by the Autistic Population . Society and Mental Health, 10(1), 20-34. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/2156869318804297 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2896204132

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
23. Kristen Bottema‐Beutel , Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… , Jessica Nina Lester , Noah J. Sasson , Brittany N. Hand (2021). Avoiding Ableist Language: Suggestions for Autism Researchers . Autism in Adulthood, 3(1), 18-29. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2020.0014 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3083347663

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
24. Susan Opotow (1990). Moral Exclusion and Injustice: An Introduction . Journal of Social Issues, 46(1), 1-20. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00268.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2003317807

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
25. Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… (2021). Academic, Activist, or Advocate? Angry, Entangled, and Emerging: A Critical Reflection on Autism Knowledge Production . Frontiers in Psychology, 12(6), 727542-727542. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727542 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3203087437

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
26. Uta Frith , Francesca Happé (1999). Theory of Mind and Self‐Consciousness: What Is It Like to Be Autistic? Mind & Language, 14(1), 82-89. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1468-0017.00100 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2143084649

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
27. Andrew Cashin , Dip App Sci (2006). Two Terms—One Meaning: The Conundrum of Contemporary Nomenclature in Autism . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 19(3), 137-144. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6171.2006.00061.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2004793908

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
28. Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… (2022). Community psychology as reparations for violence in the construction of autism knowledge 1 . In The Routledge International Handbook of Critical Autism Studies (pp. 76-94). Routledge.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.4324/9781003056577-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4307049296

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
29. Robert Chapman *Autistic author. Learn more… (2020). The reality of autism: On the metaphysics of disorder and diversity . Philosophical Psychology, 33(6), 799-819. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2020.1751103 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2971749818

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
30. Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… , Jacqueline Hanlon , Gemma Williams *Autistic author. Learn more… (2023). Does Language Matter? Identity-First Versus Person-First Language Use in Autism Research: A Response to Vivanti . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(2), 870-878. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04858-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3125099730

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
31. Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… (2020). Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement . Springer Singapore.

    Type: Book DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3205191769

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
32. Wanda Pillow (2003). Confession, catharsis, or cure? Rethinking the uses of reflexivity as methodological power in qualitative research . International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 16(2), 175-196. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/0951839032000060635 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2016780159

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
33. Christina Nicolaidis , Dora M Raymaker *Autistic author. Learn more… , Elesia Ashkenazy *Autistic author. Learn more… , Katherine McDonald , Sebastian Dern , Amelia E.V. Baggs et al. (2015). “Respect the way I need to communicate with you”: Healthcare experiences of adults on the autism spectrum . Autism, 19(7), 824-831. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361315576221 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2095111403

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
34. Jacqueline Roberts (2010). Can the World Afford Autistic Spectrum Disorder? Nonverbal Communication, Asperger Syndrome and the Interbrain . Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 35(1), 50-51. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3109/13668250903504543 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2034927091

    OpenAlex
35. MARTHA C. NUSSBAUM (1995). Objectification . Philosophy & Public Affairs, 24(4), 249-291. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1088-4963.1995.tb00032.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4246169745

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
36. Jacques-Philippe Leyens , Paola M. Paladino , Ramon Rodriguez-Torres , Jeroen Vaes , Stéphanie Demoulin , Armando Rodriguez-Perez et al. (2000). The Emotional Side of Prejudice: The Attribution of Secondary Emotions to Ingroups and Outgroups . Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(2), 186-197. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0402_06 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2038089528

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
37. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… (2014). Autistic expertise: A critical reflection on the production of knowledge in autism studies . Autism, 18(7), 794-802. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361314525281 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2122352988

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
38. Simon M. Bury , Rachel Jellett , Jennifer R. Spoor , Darren Hedley (2023). “It Defines Who I Am” or “It’s Something I Have”: What Language Do [Autistic] Australian Adults [on the Autism Spectrum] Prefer? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(2), 677-687. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04425-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3007056653

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
39. Nick Haslam , Steve Loughnan (2014). Dehumanization and Infrahumanization . Annual Review of Psychology, 65(1), 399-423. Annual Reviews.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115045 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2140342020

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
40. Jennifer Singh , Judy Illes , Laura Lazzeroni , Joachim Hallmayer (2009). Trends in US Autism Research Funding . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(5), 788-795. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-008-0685-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2042889075

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
41. Francesca Happé , Angelica Ronald , Robert Plomin (2006). Time to give up on a single explanation for autism . Nature Neuroscience, 9(10), 1218-1220. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/nn1770 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2047485285

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
42. H. H. Stonnington (1998). Nothing About Us Without Us: Disability Oppression and Empowerment . JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 280(16), 1456-a-1457. American Medical Association (AMA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jama.280.16.1456-a OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2064359986

    OpenAlex
43. Sue Fletcher‐Watson , Jonathan Adams *Autistic author. Learn more… , Kabie Brook *Autistic author. Learn more… , Tony Charman , Laura Crane , James Cusack *Autistic author. Learn more… et al. (2019). Making the future together: Shaping autism research through meaningful participation . Autism, 23(4), 943-953. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318786721 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2807975560

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
44. Anne-Marie Nader , Valérie Courchesne , Michelle Dawson *Autistic author. Learn more… , Isabelle Soulières (2016). Does WISC-IV Underestimate the Intelligence of Autistic Children? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(5), 1582-1589. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2270-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2084384352

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
45. Chapman (2021). B19 Simon Baron-Cohen, Neurodiversity-lite, and the History of Eugenic Thought..

    Type: Other

    Crossref
46. Chapman (2021). B20 The Autistic Communities Concerns Regarding Spectrum 10K and Eugenics Are Valid..

    Type: Other

    Crossref
47. Roy Bhaskar (2013). A Realist Theory of Science . Routledge.

    Type: Book DOI: 10.4324/9780203090732 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2101234667

    OpenAlex
48. Charlton (2004). B21 Nothing about us without us: Disability Oppression and Empowerment..

    Type: Other

    Crossref
49. Nicholas Chown *Autistic author. Learn more… , Jackie Robinson , Luke Beardon , Jillian Downing , Elizabeth Hughes , Julia Leatherland et al. (2017). Improving research about us, with us: a draft framework for inclusive autism research . Disability & Society, 32(5), 720-734. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2017.1320273 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2610206486

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
50. Kristen Gillespie-Lynch , Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… , Patricia J. Brooks , Jonathan Pickens , Ben Schwartzman (2017). Whose Expertise Is It? Evidence for Autistic Adults as Critical Autism Experts . Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 438-438. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00438 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2601691194

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
51. Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… , Kristen Gillespie-Lynch , Lauren E. Sherman , Ted Hutman (2013). Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 59-71. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/a0028353 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2124715426

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
52. Cowen (2009). B23 Autism as Academic Paradigm..

    Type: Other

    Crossref
53. Waleed M. Sweileh , Samah W. Al-Jabi , Ansam F. Sawalha , Sa’ed H. Zyoud (2016). Bibliometric profile of the global scientific research on autism spectrum disorders . SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1480. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3165-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2511751023

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
54. Herwig Czech (2018). Hans Asperger, National Socialism, and “race hygiene” in Nazi-era Vienna . Molecular Autism, 9(1), 29-29. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0208-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2801876565

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
55. C. Oliver (2012). Critical Realist Grounded Theory: A New Approach for Social Work Research . British Journal of Social Work, 42(2), 371-387. Oxford University Press (OUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/bjsw/bcr064 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2138699777

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
56. Anna N. De Hooge (2019). Binary Boys: Autism, Aspie Supremacy and Post/Humanist Normativity . Disability Studies Quarterly, 39(1), 2. The Ohio State University Libraries.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.18061/dsq.v39i1.6461 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2918244235

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
57. Giacomo Vivanti (2020). Ask the Editor: What is the Most Appropriate Way to Talk About Individuals with a Diagnosis of Autism? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(2), 691-693. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04280-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2988128310

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
58. Jacquiline den Houting *Autistic author. Learn more… , Elizabeth Pellicano (2019). A Portfolio Analysis of Autism Research Funding in Australia, 2008–2017 . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(11), 4400-4408. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04155-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2966196890

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
59. Jacquiline den Houting *Autistic author. Learn more… , Julianne M. Higgins *Autistic author. Learn more… , Kathy Isaacs *Autistic author. Learn more… , Joanne Mahony , Elizabeth Pellicano (2021). ‘I’m not just a guinea pig’: Academic and community perceptions of participatory autism research . Autism, 25(1), 148-163. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320951696 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3082254080

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
60. Majia Holmer Nadesan (2013). Constructing Autism . Routledge.

    Type: Book DOI: 10.4324/9780203299500 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4213354095

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
61. Elizabeth Pellicano , Adam Dinsmore , Tony Charman (2014). What should autism research focus upon? Community views and priorities from the United Kingdom . Autism, 18(7), 756-770. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361314529627 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2155427676

    AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
62. Jacquiline den Houting *Autistic author. Learn more… (2019). Neurodiversity: An insider’s perspective . Autism, 23(2), 271-273. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318820762 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2905135405

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
63. L Kanner (1968). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Acta Paedopsychiatr, 35(4), 100.

    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2192638454

    OpenAlex
64. Chloe Farahar *Autistic author. Learn more… (2022). Autistic identity, culture, community, and space for well-being . In The Routledge International Handbook of Critical Autism Studies (pp. 229-241). Routledge.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.4324/9781003056577-23 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4307049144

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
65. Lorcan Kenny , Caroline Hattersley , Bonnie Molins , Carole Buckley , Carol Povey , Elizabeth Pellicano (2016). Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community . Autism, 20(4), 442-462. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361315588200 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2227393071

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
66. Feinstein (2011). A history of autism: Conversations with the pioneers . A History of Autism: Conversations with the Pioneers..

    Type: Other

    Crossref
67. Jessica M. LaCroix , Felicia Pratto (2015). Instrumentality and the denial of personhood: The social psychology of objectifying others . Rev. Int. Psychol. Soc., 28(1), 183.

    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2244961200

    Crossref OpenAlex
68. Léo Kanner (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact . Nervous Child, 2(3), 217.

    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2255119171

    Crossref OpenAlex
69. Sue Fletcher‐Watson , Kabie Brook *Autistic author. Learn more… , Sonny Hallett *Autistic author. Learn more… , Fergus Murray *Autistic author. Learn more… , Catherine J. Crompton (2021). Inclusive Practices for Neurodevelopmental Research . Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 8(2), 88-97. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40474-021-00227-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3155188973

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
70. Julie Smart Ph. D (2015). Challenges to the Biomedical Model of Disability .

    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2406895703

    OpenAlex
71. Anne V. Kirby , Katherine McDonald (2021). The State of the Science on Autism in Adulthood: Building an Evidence Base for Change . Autism in Adulthood, 3(1), 2-4. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2020.29018.avk OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3130231331

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
72. Anne McGuire (2016). War on Autism . University of Michigan Press.

    Type: Book DOI: 10.3998/mpub.7784427 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2467244311

    Crossref OpenAlex
73. Gregory Hollin (2017). Autistic Heterogeneity: Linking Uncertainties and Indeterminacies . Science as Culture, 26(2), 209-231. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2016.1238886 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2542331314

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
74. Rachel Loomes , Laura Hull , Will Mandy (2017). What Is the Male-to-Female Ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 466-474. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2604697269

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
75. Sarah Griffiths , Carrie Allison , Rebecca Kenny , Rosemary Holt , Paula Smith , Simon Baron-Cohen (2019). The Vulnerability Experiences Quotient (VEQ): A Study of Vulnerability, Mental Health and Life Satisfaction in Autistic Adults . Autism Research, 12(10), 1516-1528. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2162 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2949176131

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
76. Hacking (2001). B39 The Social Construction of what? (8. printing)..

    Type: Other

    Crossref
77. Anna Williams *Autistic author. Learn more… (2018). Authoring autism: on rhetoric and neurological queerness . Disability & Society, 33(6), 996-997. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2018.1457500 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2800178355

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars OpenAlex
78. Christina Nicolaidis , Dora M Raymaker *Autistic author. Learn more… , Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… , Amelia E.V. Baggs , Elesia Ashkenazy *Autistic author. Learn more… , Katherine McDonald et al. (2019). The AASPIRE practice-based guidelines for the inclusion of autistic adults in research as co-researchers and study participants . Autism, 23(8), 2007-2019. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319830523 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2926826419

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
79. Jonathan A. Weiss , Michelle A. Fardella (2018). Victimization and Perpetration Experiences of Adults With Autism . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 203-203. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00203 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2802963031

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
80. William S. New , Hristo Kyuchukov (2023). Sukhareva’s (1930) ‘Toward the problem of the structure and dynamics of children’s constitutional psychopathies (Schizoid forms)’: a translation with commentary . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(8), 1453-1461. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-01948-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4213318952

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
81. Kristien Hens , Ingrid Robeyns , Katrien Schaubroeck (2019). The ethics of autism . Philosophy Compass, 14(1), e12559. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/phc3.12559 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2898113722

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
82. Elizabeth Pellicano , Wenn Lawson *Autistic author. Learn more… , Gabrielle Hall *Autistic author. Learn more… , Joanne Mahony , Rozanna Lilley , Melanie Heyworth *Autistic author. Learn more… et al. (2022). “I Knew She'd Get It, and Get Me”: Participants' Perspectives of a Participatory Autism Research Project . Autism in Adulthood, 4(2), 120-129. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2021.0039 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3217565456

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
83. Gábor Petri (2016). Neurotribes. The Legacy of Autism and How to Think Smarter about People who Think Differently . Tizard Learning Disability Review, 21(4), 226-228. Emerald.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1108/tldr-01-2016-0006 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2914103329

    OpenAlex
84. Elizabeth Pellicano , Jacquiline den Houting *Autistic author. Learn more… (2022). Annual Research Review: Shifting from ‘normal science’ to neurodiversity in autism science . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(4), 381-396. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13534 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3208557763

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
85. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… , Timimi, Sami (2016). Does autism have an essential nature? Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent).

    Type: Other OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2942193193

    OpenAlex
86. Lewis (2021). B52 January 2021 Working Definition of Ableism [Professional]..

    Type: Other

    Crossref
87. (2019). B55 What it’s Like to be Autistic at an Autism Research Conference..

    Type: Other

    Crossref
88. Jessica R Steinbrenner , Nancy S. McIntyre , Lindsay F Rentschler , Jamie N Pearson , Paul Luelmo , Maria Elizabeth Jaramillo et al. (2022). Patterns in reporting and participant inclusion related to race and ethnicity in autism intervention literature: Data from a large-scale systematic review of evidence-based practices . Autism, 26(8), 2026-2040. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211072593 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4206976357

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
89. Milton (2016). B59 Does Autism have an Essential Nature?.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
90. Rose (2020). B75 Regarding the use of Dehumanising Rhetoric..

    Type: Other

    Crossref
91. Silberman (2015). NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism and How to Think Smarter About People Who Think Differently . Neurotribes: The legacy of autism and how to think smarter about people who think differently.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
92. (1993). B77 Don’t Mourn for Us. 1..

    Type: Other

    Crossref
93. Singer (2017). Neurodiversity: The birth of an idea . Neurodiversity: The Birth of an Idea.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
94. Smart (2006). Challenges to the biomedical model of disability. Adv. Med. Psychotherapy Psychodiagn., 12, 1.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
95. Tantam (2009). B83 Can the World Afford Autistic Spectrum Disorder? Nonverbal Communication, Asperger Syndrome and the Interbrain..

    Type: Other

    Crossref
96. Yergeau (2018). Authoring Autism: On Rhetoric and Neurological Queerness . Authoring Autism: On Rhetoric and Neurological Queerness..

    Type: Other

    Crossref