Transgender and gender diverse autistic adults’ experiences of (un)belonging

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Munday, K., Kapp, S. K., & Morris, C. (2025). Transgender and gender diverse autistic adults’ experiences of (un)belonging. PLOS One, 20(12), e0338569. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0338569

Publication date: 18 Dec 2025 Added to AutiHub: 6 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
3
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 3 (33.3%)
  1. Katie Munday
  2. Steven K. Kapp *
  3. Charlotte Morris

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Clinical impressions suggest a significant overlap of autistic as well as transgender and gender diverse identities, implying a need for research that explores TGD autistic experiences in greater depth, including experiences of (un)belonging. METHODS: We shared trans and gender diverse autistic adults' experiences of belonging and unbelonging to contribute to knowledge around their lived experiences. We present findings from biographical narrative interpretive interviews with thirteen trans and gender diverse autistic people (aged 20-50). We used reflexive thematic analysis to generate themes across three levels of belonging: macro, meso and micro. Analysis within these levels clarified (un)belonging within power dynamics and structures, as well as collective and individual identities. RESULTS: Participants discussed their experiences of (un)belonging across three levels: macro, encompassing work and volunteering; meso, including education, gender identity healthcare, and neurodivergent groups and spaces; and micro, including relationships and creating chosen families. Participants faced workplace exclusion and healthcare gatekeeping, often turning to self-employment or community spaces for inclusion. Some found belonging in autistic or queer communities, while others struggled with accessibility and sensory barriers. CONCLUSION: Chosen families and communal living were key sources of affirmation and support for participants, highlighting how belonging for TGD autistic people can be shaped through intersecting structural, social, and interpersonal factors.

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Cited references
93
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
12 / 93 (12.9%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
14 / 315 (4.4%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 14 / 134 (10.4%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 10 / 283 (3.5%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
134 / 315 (42.5%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 105 / 283 (37.1%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
120 / 134 (89.6%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 120 / 315 (38.1%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 95 / 105 (90.5%).
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