Unmasking Bias: Autistic Perspectives in Mental Health Training

Authors

Abstract

Background: Due to a combination of thin-slice judgments, ableism, bias, and a focus on allistic (non-autistic) dispositional standards, autistic people may experience admission issues and retention problems in mental health professional fields at higher rates than allistic people. Method: To better understand their training and gatekeeping experiences, we interviewed 10 autistic mental health professionals and trainees from a variety of mental health professional programs (e.g., counseling psychology, clinical psychology, counseling, and social work). Utilizing reflexive thematic analysis, we generated three themes across our 11 semi-structured interview questions. Results: Our generated themes included ableism (systemic and interpersonal), personal toll (cognitive load and emotional toll), and protective factors (internal and external). Our understanding of our interrelated themes is informed by both double empathy theory and the minority stress model. Participants in our study also regularly discussed a need for better autistic mentorship. Discussion: We discuss recommendations for training program advocacy and neurodiversity-affirming practices. Based on our participant answers to strength-based and support-oriented questions, we offer suggestions for autistic mental health graduate trainees.

1. Tajfel H (1979). The social psychology of intergroup relations . The social psychology of intergroup relations, 33.

   Type: Other

   Crossref
2. Melissa H. Black , Soheil Mahdi , Ben Milbourn , Melissa Scott , Alan H. Gerber , Christopher Esposito et al. (2020). Multi‐informant International Perspectives on the Facilitators and Barriers to Employment for Autistic Adults . Autism Research, 13(7), 1195-1214. Wiley.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2288 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3011899039

   Crossref OpenCitations
3. Alvar Agusti (2018). The disease model: implications for clinical practice . European Respiratory Journal, 51(4), 1800188. European Respiratory Society (ERS).

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00188-2018 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2797009628

   Crossref OpenCitations
4. Eilidh Cage , Holly Burton (2019). Gender Differences in the First Impressions of Autistic Adults . Autism Research, 12(10), 1495-1504. Wiley.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2191 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2968496926

   Crossref OpenCitations
5. American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association Publishing.

   Type: Book DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4281687410

   Crossref OpenCitations
6. Brett Smith (2018). Generalizability in qualitative research: misunderstandings, opportunities and recommendations for the sport and exercise sciences . Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 10(1), 137-149. Informa UK Limited.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/2159676x.2017.1393221 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2766601772

   Crossref OpenCitations
7. (n.d.). Cowen T. Autism as an academic paradigm. The chronicles of higher education. http://www.chronicle.com/article/Autism-as-Academic-Paradigm/47033 [Last accessed: August6 2024].

   Type: Other

   Crossref
8. Drew C. Appleby , Karen M. Appleby (2006). Kisses of Death in the Graduate School Application Process . Teaching of Psychology, 33(1), 19-24. SAGE Publications.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1207/s15328023top3301_5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2148746348

   Crossref OpenCitations
9. (n.d.). Wheeler M. An introduction to possible biomedical causes and treatments for autism spectrum disorders. Indiana Resource Center for Autism Indiana University Bloomington. https://www.iidc.indiana.edu/irca/articles/an-introduction-to-possible-biomedical-causes.html Accessed [Last accessed: August6 2024].

   Type: Other

   Crossref
10. Cecelia Bayliss-Conway , Sue Price , David Murphy , Stephen Joseph (2021). Client-centred therapeutic relationship conditions and authenticity: a prospective study . British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 49(5), 637-647. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2020.1755952 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3023041907

    Crossref OpenCitations
11. Saoirse Mac Carthaigh (2020). Beyond biomedicine: challenging conventional conceptualisations of autism spectrum conditions . Disability & Society, 35(1), 52-66. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2019.1605884 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2944034036

    Crossref OpenCitations
12. Patricia L Kimball , Lucy C Phillips , Krista E Kirka , John J.S. Harrichand (2020). Gatekeeping: A Counselor Educator’s Responsibility to the Counseling Profession and Community . International Journal on Responsibility, 3(2). James Madison University Libraries - DIGITAL COMMONS JOURNALS.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.62365/2576-0955.1036 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3047324576

    Crossref OpenCitations
13. (n.d.). World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). https://icd.who.int/ [Last accessed: August6 2024].

    Type: Other

    Crossref
14. Laura Hull , K.V. Petrides , Carrie T. Allison , P. Smith , Simon Baron-Cohen , Meng-Chuan Lai et al. (2017). “Putting on My Best Normal”: Social Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2519-2534. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2616560149

    Crossref OpenCitations
15. Rosalind Cooper , Kate Cooper , Ailsa Russell , Laura G. E. Smith (2021). “I’m Proud to be a Little Bit Different”: The Effects of Autistic Individuals’ Perceptions of Autism and Autism Social Identity on Their Collective Self-esteem . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(2), 704-714. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04575-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3036418460

    Crossref OpenCitations
16. Sarah Bargiela , Robyn Steward *Autistic author. Learn more… , Will Mandy (2016). The Experiences of Late-diagnosed Women with Autism Spectrum Conditions: An Investigation of the Female Autism Phenotype . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(10), 3281-3294. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2872-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2494524772

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenCitations
17. Cameron A Maitland , Sinead Rhodes , Anne O’Hare , Mary E. Stewart (2021). Social identities and mental well-being in autistic adults . Autism, 25(6), 1771-1783. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211004328 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3160089913

    Crossref OpenCitations
18. Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… , David M. Frost (2020). Extending the Minority Stress Model to Understand Mental Health Problems Experienced by the Autistic Population . Society and Mental Health, 10(1), 20-34. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/2156869318804297 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2896204132

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenCitations
19. Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… (2023). Profound Concerns about “Profound Autism”: Dangers of Severity Scales and Functioning Labels for Support Needs . Education Sciences, 13(2), 106. MDPI AG.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/educsci13020106 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4317426594

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenCitations
20. Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… (2021). Academic, Activist, or Advocate? Angry, Entangled, and Emerging: A Critical Reflection on Autism Knowledge Production . Frontiers in Psychology, 12(727542), 727542. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727542 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3203087437

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenCitations
21. Heini Natri *Autistic author. Learn more… , Oluwatobi Abubakare *Autistic author. Learn more… , Kassiane Asasumasu *Autistic author. Learn more… , Abha Basargekar , Flavien Beaud , Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… et al. (2023). Anti‐ableist language is fully compatible with high‐quality autism research: Response to S inger et al. (2023) . Autism Research, 16(4), 673-676. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2928 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4366776611

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenCitations
22. Emily M. Lund (2022). Valuing the insider-professional perspective of disability: A call for rehabilitation psychologists to support disabled psychologists and trainees across the profession. Rehabilitation Psychology, 67(4), 582-586. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/rep0000452 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4308888518

    Crossref OpenCitations
23. Kapp SK (2019). How social deficit models exacerbate the medical model . Autism Policy & Practice, 2(1).

    Type: Other

    Crossref
24. Kristen Gillespie-Lynch , Patricia J. Brooks , Fumio Someki , Rita Obeid , Christina Shane‐Simpson , Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… et al. (2015). Changing College Students’ Conceptions of Autism: An Online Training to Increase Knowledge and Decrease Stigma . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(8), 2553-2566. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2422-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2039386588

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenCitations
25. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… (2012). On the ontological status of autism: the ‘double empathy problem’ . Disability & Society, 27(6), 883-887. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2012.710008 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1968949608

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenCitations
26. Kerrianne E Morrison , Kilee M. DeBrabander , Daniel J Faso , Noah Sasson (2019). Variability in first impressions of autistic adults made by neurotypical raters is driven more by characteristics of the rater than by characteristics of autistic adults . Autism, 23(7), 1817-1829. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318824104 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2922100205

    Crossref OpenCitations
27. Catherine J. Crompton , Danielle Ropar , Claire VM Evans-Williams *Autistic author. Learn more… , Emma G. Flynn , Sue Fletcher-Watson (2020). Autistic peer-to-peer information transfer is highly effective . Autism, 24(7), 1704-1712. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320919286 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3026879779

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenCitations
28. Noah Sasson , Daniel J. Faso , Jack Nugent , Sarah Lovell , Daniel P. Kennedy , Ruth B. Grossman (2017). Neurotypical Peers are Less Willing to Interact with Those with Autism based on Thin Slice Judgments . Scientific Reports, 7(1), 40700. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/srep40700 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2585989266

    Crossref OpenCitations
29. Cheryl L. Dickter , Joshua A. Burk , Janice L. Zeman , Sara Taylor (2020). Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Autistic Adults . Autism in Adulthood, 2(2), 144-151. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2019.0023 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3004313688

    Crossref OpenCitations
30. Daniel A. DeCino , Phillip L. Waalkes , Amanda Dalbey (2020). “They Stay With You”: Counselor Educators’ Emotionally Intense Gatekeeping Experiences . The Professional Counselor, 10(4), 548-561. The Professional Counselor at the National Board for Certified Counselors.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.15241/dad.10.4.548 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3119955069

    Crossref OpenCitations
31. Claudia Chow , Kate Cooper (2026). What Are the Lived Experiences of Strengths in Autistic Individuals? A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis . Autism in Adulthood, 8(1), 14-26. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2023.0172 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4400607205

    Crossref OpenCitations
32. Christopher E. Whelpley , Cynthia P. May (2023). Seeing is Disliking: Evidence of Bias Against Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Traditional Job Interviews . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(4), 1363-1374. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05432-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4220689416

    Crossref OpenCitations
33. Afaf Alhusayni , Elizabeth Sheppard , Peter Mitchell , Lauren Marsh (2025). How Do Autistic Students Do in the Eyes of Their Peers? Non-Autistic Judgments About the Academic Experiences of Autistic and Non-Autistic University Students, Based on Brief Samples of Behavior . Autism in Adulthood, 7(6), 786-792. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2023.0049 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4400450747

    Crossref OpenCitations
34. Maarten van ‘t Hof , Ina van Berckelaer-Onnes , Mathijs Deen , Monique C. Neukerk , Rienke Bannink , Amy M. Daniels et al. (2020). Novel Insights into Autism Knowledge and Stigmatizing Attitudes Toward Mental Illness in Dutch Youth and Family Center Physicians . Community Mental Health Journal, 56(7), 1318-1330. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10597-020-00568-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3006043309

    Crossref OpenCitations
35. Sara Woods (2026). Why We Need More Autistic Health Care Professionals and How to Support Them . Autism in Adulthood, 8(1), 5-13. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2023.0099 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4399774840

    Crossref OpenCitations
36. Louise Camm-Crosbie , Louise Bradley , Rebecca Shaw , Simon Baron-Cohen , Sarah Cassidy (2019). ‘People like me don’t get support’: Autistic adults’ experiences of support and treatment for mental health difficulties, self-injury and suicidality . Autism, 23(6), 1431-1441. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318816053 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2902777586

    Crossref OpenCitations
37. Jiyea Kim , Stephen Joseph , Sue Price (2020). The positive psychology of relational depth and its association with unconditional positive self-regard and authenticity . Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 19(1), 12-21. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2020.1717983 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2981547917

    Crossref OpenCitations
38. Zoe Darazsdi , Christa S. Bialka (2023). “Oh, you couldn’t be autistic”: Examining anti-autistic bias and self-esteem in the therapeutic alliance . Autism, 27(7), 2124-2134. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613231154622 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4321376716

    Crossref OpenCitations
39. Janette Dinishak , Nameera Akhtar (2023). Integrating autistic perspectives into autism science: A role for autistic autobiographies . Autism, 27(3), 578-587. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613221123731 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4295080351

    Crossref OpenCitations
40. (n.d.). Roux AM Shattuck PT Rast JE Rava JA Anderson KA. National Autism Indicators Report: Transition into Young Adulthood. Life Course Outcomes Research Program. Drexel University. https://drexel.edu/∼/media/Files/autismoutcomes/publications/National%20Autism%20Indicators%20Report%20-%20July%202015.ashx [Last accessed: August12 2024].

    Type: Other

    Crossref
41. (n.d.). U. S. Department of Labor. Persons with a disability: Labor force characteristics–2022 [Press Release]. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/disabl.nr0.htm [Last accessed: August12 2024].

    Type: Other

    Crossref
42. A. Abbass (2004). Small-Group Videotape Training for Psychotherapy Skills Development . Academic Psychiatry, 28(2), 151-155. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1176/appi.ap.28.2.151 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2039464352

    Crossref OpenCitations
43. Emma Kinnaird , Catherine Stewart , Kate Tchanturia (2019). Investigating alexithymia in autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis . European Psychiatry, 55, 80-89. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.09.004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2899269258

    Crossref OpenCitations
44. Maira E. Ezerins , Lauren S. Simon , Timothy J. Vogus , Allison S. Gabriel , Charles Calderwood , Christopher C. Rosen (2024). Autism and Employment: A Review of the “New Frontier” of Diversity Research . Journal of Management, 50(3), 1102-1144. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/01492063231193362 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4385875892

    Crossref OpenCitations
45. American Counseling Association. (2014). 2014 ACA Code of Ethics. https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/ethics/2014-aca-code-of-ethics.pdf?sfvrsn=55ab73d0_1 [Last accessed: August12 2024].

    Type: Other

    Crossref
46. Amy Pearson *Autistic author. Learn more… , Kieran Rose *Autistic author. Learn more… (2021). A Conceptual Analysis of Autistic Masking: Understanding the Narrative of Stigma and the Illusion of Choice . Autism in Adulthood, 3(1), 52-60. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2020.0043 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3121580719

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenCitations
47. Sebastian C.K. Shaw *Autistic author. Learn more… , Mary Doherty *Autistic author. Learn more… , John L. Anderson (2023). The experiences of autistic medical students: A phenomenological study . Medical Education, 57(10), 971-979. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/medu.15119 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4379094208

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenCitations
48. Anna Melissa Romualdez , Brett Heasman *Autistic author. Learn more… , Zachary Walker , Jade Davies , Anna Remington (2021). “People Might Understand Me Better”: Diagnostic Disclosure Experiences of Autistic Individuals in the Workplace . Autism in Adulthood, 3(2), 157-167. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2020.0063 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3119850603

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenCitations
49. (n.d.). Gahagen M Koo R. Students claim discrimination led to their dismissal from School of Education Clinical Mental Health Counseling program. The Johns Hopkins News-Letter. https://www.jhunewsletter.com/article/2022/03/students-claim-discrimination-led-to-their-dismissal-from-school-of-education-clinical-mental-health-counseling-program [Last accessed: August12 2024].

    Type: Other

    Crossref
50. (n.d.). Flaherty C. Do No Harm: Former graduate students in clinical counseling accuse Johns Hopkins of forcing them out of the program. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2022/04/25/former-counseling-students-accuse-johns-hopkins-bias [Last accessed: August12 2024].

    Type: Other

    Crossref
51. Karen Campbell , Elizabeth Orr , Pamela Durepos , Linda Nguyen , Lin Li , Carly Whitmore et al. (2021). Reflexive Thematic Analysis for Applied Qualitative Health Research . The Qualitative Report, 26(6). Nova Southeastern University.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.46743/2160-3715/2021.5010 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3177840734

    Crossref OpenCitations
52. (n.d.). Glance D Fanning G Schoepke A Soto W Williams MASr. Gatekeeping in counselor education. American Counseling Association. Ideas and research you can use: VISTAS 2012.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
53. Derek J. Burks , Rockey Robbins (2011). Are you analyzing me? A qualitative exploration of psychologists’ individual and interpersonal experiences with authenticity. The Humanistic Psychologist, 39(4), 348-365. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/08873267.2011.620201 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2040898858

    Crossref OpenCitations
54. Karen M. Davis , Jason F. Doll , William R. Sterner (2018). The Importance of Personal Statements in Counselor Education and Psychology Doctoral Program Applications . Teaching of Psychology, 45(3), 256-263. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0098628318779273 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2809362548

    Crossref OpenCitations
55. Emily M. Lund , Erin E. Andrews , Judith M. Holt (2016). A qualitative analysis of advice from and for trainees with disabilities in professional psychology. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 10(4), 206-213. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/tep0000125 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2512737826

    Crossref OpenCitations
56. Sebastian C.K. Shaw *Autistic author. Learn more… , Alexander Fossi , Laura Carravallah *Autistic author. Learn more… , Kai Rabenstein , Wendy Ross , Mary Doherty *Autistic author. Learn more… (2023). The experiences of autistic doctors: a cross-sectional study . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1160994. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1160994 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4384695168

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenCitations
57. Lesley Kimber , Diarmuid Verrier , Stephen Connolly *Autistic author. Learn more… (2024). Autistic People's Experience of Empathy and the Autistic Empathy Deficit Narrative . Autism in Adulthood, 6(3), 321-330. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2023.0001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4386597864

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenCitations
58. Joshua A. Evans *Autistic author. Learn more… , Elizabeth J. Krumrei-Mancuso , Steven V. Rouse (2024). What You Are Hiding Could Be Hurting You: Autistic Masking in Relation to Mental Health, Interpersonal Trauma, Authenticity, and Self-Esteem . Autism in Adulthood, 6(2), 229-240. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2022.0115 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4386469469

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenCitations
59. Rachel L. Huhra , Cynthia A. Yamokoski‐Maynhart , Loreto R. Prieto (2008). Reviewing Videotape in Supervision: A Developmental Approach . Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(4), 412-418. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00529.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2015487567

    Crossref OpenCitations
60. Kirsti Malterud , Volkert Dirk Siersma , Ann Dorrit Guassora (2016). Sample Size in Qualitative Interview Studies . Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1753-1760. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1049732315617444 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2305278139

    Crossref OpenCitations
61. Eilidh Cage , Zoe Troxell-Whitman (2019). Understanding the Reasons, Contexts and Costs of Camouflaging for Autistic Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1899-1911. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-03878-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2909219349

    Crossref OpenCitations
62. Elizabeth Pellicano , Dawn Adams , Laura Crane , Calliope Holingue , Connie Allen , Katherine Almendinger *Autistic author. Learn more… et al. (2024). Letter to the Editor: A possible threat to data integrity for online qualitative autism research . Autism, 28(3), 786-792. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613231174543 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4377220250

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenCitations
63. Lisa M. Grencavage , John C. Norcross (1990). Where are the commonalities among the therapeutic common factors? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21(5), 372-378. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0735-7028.21.5.372 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2157208135

    Crossref OpenCitations
64. Emily M. Lund , Erin E. Andrews , Lauren M. Bouchard , Judith M. Holt (2020). How did we help (or not)? A qualitative analysis of helpful resources used by psychology trainees with disabilities. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 14(3), 242-248. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/tep0000270 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2964718752

    Crossref OpenCitations
65. Rebecca C. Wilbur , Angela M. Kuemmel , Ryan J. Lackner (2019). Who’s on first? Supervising psychology trainees with disabilities and establishing accommodations. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 13(2), 111-118. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/tep0000231 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2919939467

    Crossref OpenCitations
66. Desiree R Jones , Kilee M. DeBrabander , Noah Sasson (2021). Effects of autism acceptance training on explicit and implicit biases toward autism . Autism, 25(5), 1246-1261. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320984896 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3124162729

    Crossref OpenCitations
67. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2022). Thematic Analysis . In Thematic analysis: a practical guide (pp. 1-7). Springer International Publishing.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_3470-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4320081749

    Crossref
68. Ilan H. Meyer (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674-697. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2125568653

    Crossref OpenCitations
69. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2022). Thematic Analysis . In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research (pp. 1-7). Springer International Publishing.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_3470-2 10.1037/13620-004 10.1007/978-1-4614-5583-7_311 10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3470

    OpenCitations
70. Ella Perry , Will Mandy , Laura Hull , Eilidh Cage (2022). Understanding Camouflaging as a Response to Autism-Related Stigma: A Social Identity Theory Approach . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(2), 800-810. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04987-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3150043110

    Crossref OpenCitations
71. (n.d.). e_1_3_4_63_2

    Type: Other DOI: 10.1177/0959353522110145

    Crossref
72. (n.d.). Banik JM. The Lived Experiences of Gatekeepers in Counselor Education Training Programs. Dissertation. Walden University; 2021. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations [Last accessed: July31 2024].

    Type: Other

    Crossref
73. Christian Ryan (2024). Alexithymia and Autism . In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Disability (pp. 1-7). Springer Nature Switzerland.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40858-8_35-1

    Crossref