Camouflaging Intent, First Impressions, and Age of ASC Diagnosis in Autistic Men and Women

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Belcher, H., Morein-Zamir, S., Mandy, W., & Ford, R. M. (2021). Camouflaging Intent, First Impressions, and Age of ASC Diagnosis in Autistic Men and Women. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(8), 3413-3426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05221-3

Publication date: 3 Aug 2021 Added to AutiHub: 8 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
4
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 4 (25.0%)
  1. Hannah Belcher *
  2. Sharon Morein-Zamir
  3. Will Mandy
  4. Ruth M. Ford

Abstract

Abstract Camouflaging of autistic traits may make autism harder to diagnose. The current study evaluated the relations between camouflaging intent, first impressions, and age of autism diagnosis. Participants comprised autistic and non-autistic adults (n = 80, 50% female) who completed the Camouflaging of Autistic Traits Questionnaire. They were later video-recorded having a conversation with a person unaware of their diagnostic status. Ten-second clips from half these videos were later shown to 127 non-autistic peers, who rated their first impressions of each participant. Results showed that autistic participants were rated more poorly on first impressions, males were rated less favourably than females, and male raters were particularly harsh in their evaluations of autistic males. Camouflaging intent did not predict first impressions but better first impressions were linked with a later age of diagnosis.

Bibliography cited by this reference

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Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 12 Sep 2026 01:04.

Cited references
77
With a DOI
70
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
5
5 / 77 (6.5%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
5 / 77 (6.5%)
References with detected author names
73 / 77 (94.8%)
Without detected author names
4
Without a structured title
3
Without a stable identifier
5
References with raw author names still to review
2
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
265
From DOI or external metadata
265
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
2
95 / 265 (35.8%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 170 / 265 (64.2%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
5 / 265 (1.9%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 5 / 95 (5.3%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 5 / 213 (2.3%).
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