Perspective : présumer la compétence communicationnelle autistique et recadrer la communication facilitée

Titre original en anglais : Perspective: Presuming Autistic Communication Competence and Reframing Facilitated Communication

Sources de métadonnées utilisées pour cette référence

OpenAlex Crossref OpenCitations
En savoir plus sur les sources utilisées

Heyworth, M., Chan, T., & Lawson, W. (2022). Perspective: Presuming Autistic Communication Competence and Reframing Facilitated Communication. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 864991-864991. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.864991

Date de publication: 10/03/2022 Ajout dans AutiHub: 05/07/2026 Type: Article Langue de l’article: Anglais
Source OpenAlex Source éditeur (DOI) Texte intégral

Cette publication est intégrée dans AutiHub via :

Auteurs

Auteur·ices des publications
3
Auteur·ices de la publication identifié·es comme autistes
2 / 3 (66,7 %)
  1. Melanie Heyworth *
  2. Timothy Chan
  3. Wenn Lawson *

Résumé

Le débat entourant la validité de la méthode de frappe avec soutien connue sous le nom de communication facilitée (CF) est continu depuis sa création dans les années 1990. Les avis sont polarisés quant à savoir si la CF peut être considérée comme une méthode validée destinée aux personnes ayant des besoins de communication complexes (BCC) ou des difficultés importantes en matière de parole, de langage et de communication. Cet article de perspective présente une analyse des recherches plaidant pour et contre l'utilisation de la CF, combinée aux connaissances issues de l'expérience vécue d'adultes autistes qui utilisent la CF, afin de réhabiliter son statut actuel de méthode discréditée et non étayée par des preuves. En examinant les études qualitatives et quantitatives existantes, ainsi que les témoignages personnels sur l'utilisation de cette méthode particulière de communication améliorée et alternative (CAA), les auteurs soutiennent que le rejet actuel de la CF est enraciné dans des approches capacitistes et dépassées. Les recherches sur la CF devraient être reconsidérées et menées à nouveau en utilisant les approches actuelles de bonnes pratiques de la recherche sur l'autisme, y compris la coproduction et une présomption de compétence communicationnelle autistique, afin d'évaluer sa validité en tant que méthode potentielle de CAA pour les personnes autistes.

Debate surrounding the validity of the method of supported typing known as facilitated communication (FC) has been continuous since its inception in the 1990s. Views are polarized on whether FC can be considered an authenticated method for use by people with complex communication needs (CCN) or significant challenges in speech, language, and communication. This perspective article presents an analysis of the research arguing for-and against-the use of FC, combined with the lived experience knowledge of autistic adults who utilize FC, to rehabilitate its current standing as discredited and unevidenced. By considering extant qualitative and quantitative studies, as well as personal accounts of the use of this particular Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) method, the authors argue that the current dismissal of FC is rooted in ableist and outdated approaches. FC research should be reconsidered and reconducted using current best practice autism research approaches, including coproduction and a presumption of autistic communication competence, to assess its validity as a potential AAC method for autistic individuals.

Bibliographie citée par cette référence

Les références citées sont importées depuis des sources externes de métadonnées lorsqu’elles sont disponibles. La liste peut être partielle.

Vue d’ensemble de l’inclusion dans la bibliographie

Ces indicateurs décrivent la bibliographie citée importée pour cette publication. Les métriques de références citées utilisent le total des références citées comme dénominateur. Les métriques d’auteurices cité·es indiquent si elles utilisent toutes les occurrences d’auteurices cité·es ou seulement les occurrences rattachées à des auteurices déjà intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub. Ils utilisent les rattachements mis en cache entre les auteurices cité·es et les auteurices intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub. Dernier calcul : 16/08/2026 11:30.

Références citées
81
Nombre total de références citées intégrées pour cette publication.
Références citées avec un·e auteur·ice identifié·e comme autiste
10 / 81 (12,3 %)
Occurrences d’auteur·ices cité·es identifié·es comme autistes
17 / 193 (8,8 %)
Parmi les occurrences rattachées à des auteurices intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub : 17 / 50 (34,0 %). Auteurices cité·es distinct·es identifié·es comme autistes : 11 / 160 (6,9 %).
Occurrences citées rattachées à la base AutiHub
50 / 193 (25,9 %)
Auteurices cité·es distinct·es rattaché·es : 34 / 160 (21,2 %)
Occurrences rattachées, non identifiées comme autistes
33 / 50 (66,0 %)
Parmi les seules occurrences rattachées. Sur l’ensemble des occurrences d’auteurices cité·es : 33 / 193 (17,1 %). Auteurices cité·es distinct·es rattaché·es, non identifié·es comme autistes : 23 / 34 (67,6 %).
4 entrées de bibliographie citée n’ont pas pu être entièrement enrichies à partir des métadonnées DOI.
Crossref: introuvable (2) · DataCite: introuvable (2)
  1. C M Sheehan , R T Matuozzi (1996). Investigation of the validity of facilitated communication through the disclosure of unknown information. PubMed, 34(2), 94-107.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W51289486
    OpenAlex
  2. Nameera Akhtar , Vikram K. Jaswal (2020). Stretching the Social: Broadening the Behavioral Indicators of Sociality . Child Development Perspectives, 14(1), 28-33. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12351 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2993701754
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Vikram K. Jaswal , Allison Wayne , Hudson Golino (2020). Eye-tracking reveals agency in assisted autistic communication . Scientific Reports, 10(1), 7882. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64553-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3024768142
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Rosemary Crossley (1997). Speechless: Facilitating Communication for People Without Voices .
    Type: Livre OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W112191708
    Crossref OpenAlex
  5. (2003). ref2
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  6. Stuart Vyse , Bronwyn Hemsley , Russell Lang , Scott O. Lilienfeld , Mark P. Mostert , Henry D. Schlinger et al. (2019). Whose words are these? Statements derived from Facilitated Communication and Rapid Prompting Method undermine the credibility of Jaswal & Akhtar's social motivation hypotheses . Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 42, 48. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x18002236 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2962728956
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Segerstrom, Suzanne C. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Psychoneuroimmunology . Oxford University Press.
    Type: Livre DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195394399.001.0001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W625918032
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. (2018). ref3
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  9. Jessica Nina Lester (2015). Presuming Communicative Competence with Children with Autism: A Discourse Analysis of the Rhetoric of Communication Privilege . Dans The Palgrave Handbook of Child Mental Health: Discourse and Conversation Studies. (pp. 441-458). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
    Type: Chapitre de livre DOI: 10.1057/9781137428318_24 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2340428076
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. (2014). ISAAC Position Statement on Facilitated Communication . Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 30(4), 357-358. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3109/07434618.2014.971492 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W919581677
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Thomas Teo (2010). What is Epistemological Violence in the Empirical Social Sciences? Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(5), 295-303. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00265.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2149697221
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Howard C. Shane (1994). Facilitated communication: the clinical and social phenomenon .
    Type: Livre OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1494457852
    OpenAlex
  14. James M. Bebko , Adrienne Perry , Susan Bryson (1996). Multiple method validation study of facilitated communication: II. Individual differences and subgroup results . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26(1), 19-42. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf02276233 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1991033964
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Mirella Zanobini , Alda Maria Scopesi (2001). La comunicazione facilitata in un bambino autistico . Psicol. Clin. Svilupp., 5(3), 395.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1449/635 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1649545677 Crossref: introuvable DataCite: introuvable
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Barbara Stock (2011). Mixed Messages: Validity and Ethics of Facilitated Communication . Disability Studies Quarterly, 31(4), 10. The Ohio State University Libraries.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.18061/dsq.v31i4.1725 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1514558414
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Lorenzo Bernardi , Arjuna Tuzzi (2011). Analyzing Written Communication in AAC Contexts: A Statistical Perspective . Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 27(3), 183-194. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3109/07434618.2011.610353 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2085938969
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Arjuna Tuzzi (2009). Grammar and Lexicon in Individuals With Autism: A Quantitative Analysis of a Large Italian Corpus . Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 47(5), 373-385. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-47.5.373 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2009533058
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. M J Weiss , S H Wagner , Margaret Bauman (1996). A validated case study of facilitated communication. Ment. Retard., 34(4), 220.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1594583228
    Crossref OpenAlex
  20. Douglas Biklen (1990). Communication Unbound: Autism and Praxis . Harvard Educational Review, 60(3), 291-315. Harvard Education Publishing Group.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.17763/haer.60.3.013h5022862vu732 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2129009498
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Keith E. Stanovich , Richard F. West , Maggie E. Toplak (2013). Myside Bias, Rational Thinking, and Intelligence . Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(4), 259-264. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0963721413480174 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2056921451
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Rosemary Crossley (1994). Facilitated communication training .
    Type: Livre OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1634200662
    Crossref OpenAlex
  23. Douglas Biklen (2000). Constructing inclusion: lessons from critical, disability narratives . International Journal of Inclusive Education, 4(4), 337-353. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/13603110050168032 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2081942974
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Douglas Biklen , Nina Saha , Chris Kliewer (1995). How Teachers Confirm the Authorship of Facilitated Communication: A Portfolio Approach . Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 20(1), 45-56. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/154079699502000105 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2063954060
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. D N Cardinal , D Hanson , J Wakeham (1996). Investigation of authorship in facilitated communication. Ment. Retard., 34(4), 231.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1682161023
    Crossref OpenAlex
  26. Alicia A. Broderick , Christi Kasa-Hendrickson (2001). “Say Just One Word at First”: The Emergence of Reliable Speech in a Student Labeled with Autism . Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 26(1), 13-24. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2511/rpsd.26.1.13 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2060037610
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Keith E. Stanovich , Richard F. West (2008). On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(4), 672-695. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.672 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2090789917
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. D L Wheeler , J W Jacobson , R A Paglieri , A A Schwartz (1993). An experimental assessment of facilitated communication. Ment. Retard., 31(1), 49.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1777832806
    Crossref OpenAlex
  29. Donald N. Cardinal , Mary A. Falvey (2014). The Maturing of Facilitated Communication . Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 39(3), 189-194. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1540796914555581 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2138325122
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Damian Milton * , Lyte Moon (2012). The normalisation agenda and the psycho-emotional disablement of autistic people. Autonomy, the Critical Journal of Interdisciplinary Autism Studies, 1(1), 1.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1892279485
    Crossref OpenAlex
  31. Cardinal (2012). The evolution of facilitated communication . Autism: Sensory-Movement Differences and Diversity., 135.
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  32. Michael Eberlin , Gene McConnachie , Stuart Ibel , Lisa Volpe (1993). Facilitated communication: A failure to replicate the phenomenon . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23(3), 507-530. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf01046053 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2010059536
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Mirela Cengher , Anna Budd , Nicole Farrell , Daniel M. Fienup (2018). A Review of Prompt-Fading Procedures: Implications for Effective and Efficient Skill Acquisition . Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 30(2), 155-173. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10882-017-9575-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2766607539
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Stephen N. Calculator , Elizabeth R. Hatch (1995). Validation of Facilitated Communication . American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 4(1), 49-58. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/1058-0360.0401.49 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1995027748
    OpenAlex
  35. Chan (2019). Back From the Brink: Stories of Resilience, Reconciliation and Reconnection. Back From the Brink: Stories of Resilience, Reconciliation and Reconnection..
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  36. Evan Willis (2020). Medical Dominance . Routledge.
    Type: Livre DOI: 10.4324/9781003134343 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4240953534
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. David J. Connor (2019). Why is Special Education So Afraid of Disability Studies? Analyzing Attacks of Disdain and Distortion from Leaders in the Field . Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, 34(1). Foundation for Curriculum Theory.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.63997/jct.v34i1.763 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2942198491
    Crossref OpenAlex
  38. Jason C. Travers , Matt J. Tincani , Russell Lang (2014). Facilitated Communication Denies People With Disabilities Their Voice . Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 39(3), 195-202. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1540796914556778 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2142378540
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Istvan Kecskes (2010). The paradox of communication . Pragmatics and Society, 1(1), 50-73. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1075/ps.1.1.04kec OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2010665141
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. William Torbert (2021). New Social Science Paradigms for the 21st Century . Academia Letters, 112, 1. Academia.edu.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.20935/al112 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3167341925
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Crossley (2019). ref21
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  46. Bronwyn Hemsley , Lucy Bryant , Ralf W Schlosser , Howard C Shane , Russell Lang , Diane Paul et al. (2018). Systematic review of facilitated communication 2014–2018 finds no new evidence that messages delivered using facilitated communication are authored by the person with disability . Autism & Developmental Language Impairments, 3, 1. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/2396941518821570 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2908347320
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Anne Emerson , Andrew Grayson , Adrienne Griffiths (2001). CAN'T OR WON'T? EVIDENCE RELATING TO AUTHORSHIP IN FACILITATED COMMUNICATION . International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 36(S1), 98-103. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3109/13682820109177866 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2065344843
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. John W. Jacobson , James A. Mulick , Allen A. Schwartz (1995). A history of facilitated communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience science working group on facilitated communication. American Psychologist, 50(9), 750-765. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.50.9.750 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2066685841
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. Carolyn Ellis , Tony E. Adams , Arthur P. Bochner (2011). Autoethnography: An Overview . Hist. Soc. Res., 36, 273. GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.12759/hsr.36.2011.4.273-290 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2147097143
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  50. Timo Saloviita (2018). Does Linguistic Analysis Confirm the Validity of Facilitated Communication? Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 33(2), 91-99. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1088357616646075 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2342968104
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Anne-Marie Nader , Valérie Courchesne , Michelle Dawson * , Isabelle Soulières (2016). Does WISC-IV Underestimate the Intelligence of Autistic Children? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(5), 1582-1589. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2270-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2084384352
    AutiHub · Chercheur·euses autistes Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Jonathan St B. T. Evans (2002). The influence of prior belief on scientific thinking . Dans The Cognitive Basis of Science. (pp. 193-210). Cambridge University Press.
    Type: Chapitre de livre DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511613517.011 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2491527814
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  53. Patrick Faure , Thierry Legou , Bruno Gepner (2021). Evidence of Authorship on Messages in Facilitated Communication: A Case Report Using Accelerometry . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 543385. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.543385 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3118288486
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Connor Tom Keating (2021). Participatory Autism Research: How Consultation Benefits Everyone . Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 713982-713982. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.713982 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3193937630
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Andrew Grayson , Anne Emerson , Patricia Howard-Jones , Lynne O’Neil (2012). Hidden communicative competence: Case study evidence using eye-tracking and video analysis . Autism, 16(1), 75-86. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361310393260 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2097779412
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Richard L. Simpson , Brenda Smith Myles (1995). EFFECTIVENESS OF FACILITATED COMMUNICATION WITH CHILDREN AND YOUTH WITH AUTISM . The Journal of Special Education, 28(4), 424-439. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/002246699502800403 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2097904193
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  58. Rachel Freret Shoener , Moya Kinnealey , Kristie P. Koenig (2008). You Can Know Me Now If You Listen: Sensory, Motor, and Communication Issues in a Nonverbal Person With Autism . American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62(5), 547-553. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.5014/ajot.62.5.547 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2098249571
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  59. Green (1994). The quality of the evidence . Facilitated Communication: The Clinical and Social Phenomenon., 157.
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  60. Ralf W. Schlosser , Susan Balandin , Bronwyn Hemsley , Teresa Iacono , Paul Probst , Stephen von Tetzchner (2014). Facilitated Communication and Authorship: A Systematic Review . Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 30(4), 359-368. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3109/07434618.2014.971490 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2154245497
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  61. Higashida (2013). The Reason I Jump. The Reason I Jump..
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  62. S. Rubin , D. Biklen , C. Kasa-Hendrickson , P. Kluth , D. N. Cardinal , A. Broderick (2001). Independence, Participation, and the Meaning of Intellectual Ability . Disability & Society, 16(3), 415-429. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687590120045969 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2138652872
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. Casey Woodfield , Christine Ashby (2016). ‘The right path of equality’: supporting high school students with autism who type to communicate . International Journal of Inclusive Education, 20(4), 435-454. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/13603116.2015.1088581 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2209450874
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  64. Brenda Smith Myles , Richard L. Simpson , Sally M. Smith (1996). Impact of Facilitated Communication Combined with Direct Instruction on Academic Performance of Individuals with Autism . Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 11(1), 37-44. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/108835769601100105 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2152209920
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  65. Kedar (2012). Ido in Autismland: Climbing Out of Autism’s Silent Prison. Ido in Autismland: Climbing Out of Autism’s Silent Prison..
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  66. Kedar (2018). ref41
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  67. M. Mary Konstantareas , Gregory Gravelle (1998). Facilitated Communication . Autism, 2(4), 389-414. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361398024005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2161059127
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  68. Anna Williams * (2020). Falsified Incompetence and Other Lies the Positivists Told Me . Canadian Journal of Disability Studies, 9(5), 214-244. University of Waterloo.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.15353/cjds.v9i5.696 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3118642550
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  69. James Mahoney , Gary Goertz (2006). A Tale of Two Cultures: Contrasting Quantitative and Qualitative Research . Political Analysis, 14(3), 227-249. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/pan/mpj017 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2162961274
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  70. Robert L. Schalock , Ivan Brown , Roy Brown , Robert A. Cummins , David Felce , Leena Matikka et al. (2002). Grammar and Lexicon in Facilitated Communication: A Linguistic Authorship Analysis of a Finnish Case . Ment. Retard., 40(6), 347.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1352/0047-6765(2002)040 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2190277196 Crossref: introuvable DataCite: introuvable
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  72. Mukhopadhyay (2021). ref46
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  73. William Paul Simmons , Janyce Boynton , Todd Landman (2021). Facilitated Communication, Neurodiversity, and Human Rights . Human Rights Quarterly, 43(1), 138-167. Project MUSE.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1353/hrq.2021.0005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3135175108
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  74. O’Reilly (2019). Autism in the twentieth century: an evolution of a controversial condition . Healthy Minds in the Twentieth Century. Mental Health in Historical Perspective., 137.
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  75. Pellicano (2021). ref51
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  76. Peña (2019). Leaders Around Me: Autobiographies of Autistics Who Type, Point, and Spell to Communicate. Leaders Around Me: Autobiographies of Autistics Who Type, Point, and Spell to Communicate..
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  77. Rubin (2021). ref53
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  78. Sequenzia (2021). ref58
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  79. Sheehan (1996). Validation of facilitated communication . Ment. Retard., 34, 94.
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  80. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Universal Declaration of Human Rights..
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  81. (2008). Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities. Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities..
    Type: Autre
    Crossref