Measuring Autistic Writing Skills: Combining Perspectives from Neurodiversity Advocates, Autism Researchers, and Writing Theories

Authors

Abstract

Autism and writing are commonly discussed independently as complex, multifaceted entities. However, studies examining their intersections are limited and often oversimplify the nuances innate to both topics. This paper focuses on the complexities involved in studying autistic individuals’ foundational writing skills (i.e., transcription and text generation skills) by drawing on theories of writing and autism grounded in perspectives from the neurodiversity movement. We frame our discussion around the complex sociocultural and cognitive factors important to writing by drawing on the Writer(s)-within-Community model. Our discussion highlights findings and trends among observational and intervention research studies as well as offers suggestions for future research guided by the ongoing reconceptualization and understanding of autistic development. In doing so, we argue that future research should look beyond written products as the only measure of writing development and beyond a diagnosis of autism as the indicator of atypical written language development.

1. Anne Mong Cramer , Linda H. Mason (2014). The Effects of Strategy Instruction for Writing and Revising Persuasive Quick Writes for Middle School Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders . Behavioral Disorders, 40(1), 37-51. SAGE Publications.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.17988/0198-7429-40.1.37 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W111045822

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
2. Amy L. Accardo , Elizabeth G. Finnegan , S. Jay Kuder , Estyr M. Bomgardner (2020). Writing Interventions for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Research Synthesis . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(6), 1988-2006. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-03955-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2919984425

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
3. Paul Deane (2018). The Challenges of Writing in School: Conceptualizing Writing Development Within a Sociocognitive Framework . Educational Psychologist, 53(4), 280-300. Informa UK Limited.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/00461520.2018.1513844 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2898546957

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
4. Fritz-Georg Lehnhardt , Christine Michaela Falter , Astrid Gawronski , Kathleen Pfeiffer , Ralf Tepest , Jeremy Franklin et al. (2016). Sex-Related Cognitive Profile in Autism Spectrum Disorders Diagnosed Late in Life: Implications for the Female Autistic Phenotype . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(1), 139-154. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2558-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1164101963

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
5. (n.d.). ref2

   Type: Other

   Crossref
6. Simon Baron-Cohen (2017). Editorial Perspective: Neurodiversity – a revolutionary concept for autism and psychiatry . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(6), 744-747. Wiley.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12703 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2614229743

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
7. Linda Flower , John R. Hayes (1981). A Cognitive Process Theory of Writing . College Composition & Communication, 32(4), 365-387. National Council of Teachers of English.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/356600 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1514520715

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
8. Kristie Asaro-Saddler (2016). Writing Instruction and Self-Regulation for Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders . Topics in Language Disorders, 36(3), 266-283. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/tld.0000000000000093 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2547640517

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
9. Eva Troyb , Alyssa Orinstein , Katherine Tyson , Molly Helt , Inge‐Marie Eigsti , Michael Stevens et al. (2014). Academic abilities in children and adolescents with a history of autism spectrum disorders who have achieved optimal outcomes . Autism, 18(3), 233-243. SAGE Publications.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361312473519 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2099954467

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
10. Linda Cartmill , Sylvia Rodger , Jenny Ziviani (2009). Handwriting of Eight-Year-Old Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder: An Exploration . Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 2(2), 103-118. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/19411240903146426 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1570721727

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
11. Kristie Asaro-Saddler , Mary Beth Arcidiacono , Meghan Morris Deyoe (2017). Instructional Practice for Students With Autism Spectrum and Related Disorders: Exploring the Teaching of Writing in Two Self-Contained Classrooms . Reading & Writing Quarterly, 33(2), 171-186. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/10573569.2016.1145561 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2472015491

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
12. Kristie Asaro-Saddler , Bruce Saddler (2010). Planning Instruction and Self-Regulation Training: Effects on Writers with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Exceptional Children, 77(1), 107-124. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/001440291007700105 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1870741507

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
13. Kristie Asaro-Saddler , Mariola Moeyaert , Xinyun Xu , Xiaoyi Yerden (2021). Multilevel meta-analysis of the effectiveness of self-regulated strategy development in writing for children with ASD . Exceptionality, 29(2), 150-166. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09362835.2020.1850457 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3109881717

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
14. Matthew C. Zajic , Emily Jane Solari , Nancy S. McIntyre , Lindsay Lerro , Peter Clive Mundy (2020). Task engagement during narrative writing in school-age children with autism spectrum disorder compared to peers with and without attentional difficulties . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 76, 101590. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101590 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3035856352

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
15. Steve Graham , Dolores Perin (2007). A meta-analysis of writing instruction for adolescent students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(3), 445-476. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.445 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1964493548

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
16. Charles Bazerman (2018). What Does a Model Model? And for Whom? Educational Psychologist, 53(4), 301-318. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/00461520.2018.1496022 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2894709869

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
17. Susan Dickerson Mayes , Susan L. Calhoun (2008). WISC-IV and WIAT-II Profiles in Children With High-Functioning Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(3), 428-439. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-007-0410-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1964759149

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
18. (n.d.). ref7

    Type: Other

    Crossref
19. Matthew C. Zajic , Nancy S. McIntyre , Lindsay Swain-Lerro , Stephanie Novotny , Tasha Oswald , Peter Mundy (2018). Attention and written expression in school-age, high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders . Autism, 22(3), 245-258. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361316675121 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2559757938

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
20. Heather M. Brown *Autistic author. Learn more… , Andrew M. Johnson , Rachael Smyth , Janis Oram Cardy (2014). Exploring the persuasive writing skills of students with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(11), 1482-1499. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2014.07.017 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1970206261

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
21. Steve Graham (2019). Changing How Writing Is Taught . Review of Research in Education, 43(1), 277-303. American Educational Research Association (AERA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3102/0091732x18821125 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2945598125

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
22. Lorna Wing , Judith Gould (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9(1), 11-29. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf01531288 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1970293309

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
23. Julie E. Dockrell , Jessie Ricketts , Tony Charman , Geoff Lindsay (2014). Exploring writing products in students with language impairments and autism spectrum disorders . Learning and Instruction, 32, 81-90. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2014.01.008 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2093320358

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
24. Naomi Chaytor , Maureen Schmitter-Edgecombe (2003). The Ecological Validity of Neuropsychological Tests: A Review of the Literature on Everyday Cognitive Skills . Neuropsychology Review, 13(4), 181-197. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/b:nerv.0000009483.91468.fb OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1971466676

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
25. Lorna Bourke , Megan Marriott-Fellows , Amanda Jones , Lorna Humphreys , Simon J. Davies , Antonio Zuffiano et al. (2020). Writing with imagination: the influence of hot and cold executive functions in children with autism characteristics and typically developing peers . Reading and Writing, 33(4), 935-961. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s11145-019-09989-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2982677960

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
26. Heather M. Brown *Autistic author. Learn more… , Perry D. Klein (2011). Writing, Asperger Syndrome and Theory of Mind . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(11), 1464-1474. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-010-1168-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2041711845

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
27. Janet M. Sturm (2012). An Enriched Writers' Workshop for Beginning Writers with Developmental Disabilities . Topics in Language Disorders, 32(4), 335-360. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/tld.0b013e318272609b OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1985743674

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
28. Edgar H. Schuster (2004). National and State Writing Tests: The Writing Process Betrayed . Phi Delta Kappan, 85(5), 375-378. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/003172170408500508 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1998841587

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
29. Uta Frith (2004). Emanuel Miller lecture: Confusions and controversies about Asperger syndrome . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(4), 672-686. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00262.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2012309796

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
30. Dinah Murray *Autistic author. Learn more… , Mike Lesser *Autistic author. Learn more… , Wenn Lawson *Autistic author. Learn more… (2005). Attention, monotropism and the diagnostic criteria for autism . Autism, 9(2), 139-156. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361305051398 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2028337741

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
31. Matthew C. Zajic , Emily Jane Solari , Nancy S. McIntyre , Lindsay Lerro , Peter Clive Mundy (2020). Overt planning behaviors during writing in school-age children with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 100, 103631. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103631 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3011551247

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
32. (n.d.). ref15

    Type: Other

    Crossref
33. Rebecca Wood (2021). Autism, intense interests and support in school: from wasted efforts to shared understandings . Educational Review, 73(1), 34-54. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/00131911.2019.1566213 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2915127262

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
34. Uta Frith , Francesca Happé (1994). Language and communication in autistic disorders . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 346(1315), 97-104. The Royal Society.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1994.0133 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2086803995

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
35. Sarah-Maude Coll , Nicholas E.V. Foster , Alexa Meilleur , Simona M. Brambati , Krista L. Hyde (2020). Sensorimotor skills in autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 76, 101570. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101570 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2996297109

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
36. Catherine Lord , Susan Risi , Pamela S. DiLavore , Cory Shulman , Audrey Thurm , Andrew Pickles (2006). Autism From 2 to 9 Years of Age . Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(6), 694. American Medical Association (AMA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.63.6.694 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2090495936

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
37. Matthew C. Zajic , Michael Dunn , Virginia W. Berninger (2019). Case Studies Comparing Learning Profiles and Response to Instruction in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Oral and Written Language Learning Disability at Transition to High School . Topics in Language Disorders, 39(2), 128-154. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/tld.0000000000000180 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2941634007

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
38. Catherine J. Crompton , Danielle Ropar , Claire VM Evans-Williams *Autistic author. Learn more… , Emma G. Flynn , Sue Fletcher‐Watson (2020). Autistic peer-to-peer information transfer is highly effective . Autism, 24(7), 1704-1712. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320919286 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3026879779

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
39. Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… (2018). Social Support, Well-being, and Quality of Life Among Individuals on the Autism Spectrum . Pediatrics, 141(Supplement_4), S362-S368. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-4300n OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2796366587

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
40. Gayle Dillon , Jean Underwood (2012). Computer mediated imaginative storytelling in children with autism . International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 70(2), 169-178. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2011.10.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2095282426

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
41. (n.d.). ref20

    Type: Other

    Crossref
42. Suzanne Goh , Agnes H. Whitaker , Judith Feldman , Mary Beth Cull , Ken Hoyte , Molly Algermissen et al. (2013). Teaching non-verbal children with autistic disorder to read and write: a pilot study . International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 59(2), 95-107. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1179/2047387713y.0000000014 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2103349513

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
43. Robert C. Pennington , Monica E. Delano (2012). Writing Instruction for Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders . Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 27(3), 158-167. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1088357612451318 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2132777311

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
44. Deborah E. Griswold , Gena P. Barnhill , Brenda Smith Myles , Taku Hagiwara , Richard L. Simpson (2002). Asperger Syndrome and Academic Achievement . Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 17(2), 94-102. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/10883576020170020401 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2117489476

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
45. Benjamin Dirlikov , Laurent Younes , Mary Beth Nebel , Mary Katherine Martinelli , Alyssa Nicole Tiedemann , Carolyn A. Koch et al. (2017). Novel automated morphometric and kinematic handwriting assessment: A validity study in children with ASD and ADHD . Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 10(2), 185-201. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/19411243.2017.1304841 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2605646447

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
46. Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… , Kristen Gillespie-Lynch , Lauren E. Sherman , Ted Hutman (2013). Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 59-71. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/a0028353 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2124715426

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
47. Ami Klin (2000). Attributing Social Meaning to Ambiguous Visual Stimuli in Higher‐functioning Autism and Asperger Syndrome: The Social Attribution Task . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(7), 831-846. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00671 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2131276891

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
48. Amy L. Donaldson , Karen Krejcha , Andy McMillin (2017). A Strengths-Based Approach to Autism: Neurodiversity and Partnering With the Autism Community . Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 2(1), 56-68. American Speech Language Hearing Association.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/persp2.sig1.56 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2583262302

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
49. (n.d.). ref25

    Type: Other

    Crossref
50. Kristen Gillespie-Lynch , Emily Hotez , Matthew C. Zajic , Ariana Riccio , Danielle DeNigris , Bella Kofner et al. (2020). Comparing the writing skills of autistic and nonautistic university students: A collaboration with autistic university students . Autism, 24(7), 1898-1912. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320929453 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3041453527

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
51. Mary Ann Winter-Messiers (2007). From Tarantulas to Toilet Brushes . Remedial and Special Education, 28(3), 140-152. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/07419325070280030301 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2151278763

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
52. Elizabeth Finnegan , Amy L. Accardo (2018). Written Expression in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(3), 868-882. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3385-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2769631839

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
53. Ariane B. Schneider , Robin S. Codding , Georgiana S. Tryon (2013). Comparing and Combining Accommodation and Remediation Interventions to Improve the Written-Language Performance of Children With Asperger Syndrome . Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 28(2), 101-114. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1088357613475811 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2164201068

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
54. Deb Keen , Amanda A. Webster , Greta Ridley (2016). How well are children with autism spectrum disorder doing academically at school? An overview of the literature . Autism, 20(3), 276-294. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361315580962 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2267433445

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
55. John R. Hayes (2012). Modeling and Remodeling Writing . Written Communication, 29(3), 369-388. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0741088312451260 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2164483209

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
56. Kristen Gillespie-Lynch , Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… , Patricia J. Brooks , Jonathan Pickens , Ben Schwartzman (2017). Whose Expertise Is It? Evidence for Autistic Adults as Critical Autism Experts . Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 438-438. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00438 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2601691194

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
57. R.T. Kellogg (2008). Training writing skills: A cognitive developmental perspective . Journal of Writing Research, 1(1), 1-26. ARLE (International Association for Research in L1 Education).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.17239/jowr-2008.01.01.1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2316375164

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
58. Steve Graham (2018). A Revised Writer(s)-Within-Community Model of Writing . Educational Psychologist, 53(4), 258-279. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/00461520.2018.1481406 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2894612007

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
59. Nicci Grace , Peter Gregory Enticott , Beth Patricia Johnson , Nicole Rinehart (2017). Do Handwriting Difficulties Correlate with Core Symptomology, Motor Proficiency and Attentional Behaviours? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(4), 1006-1017. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-3019-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2572541134

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
60. Giacomo Vivanti , Daniel S. Messinger (2021). Theories of Autism and Autism Treatment from the DSM III Through the Present and Beyond: Impact on Research and Practice . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(12), 4309-4320. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04887-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3121527250

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
61. Steve Graham (2021). Executive Control and the Writer(s)-Within-Community Model . In Executive Functions and Writing (pp. 38-76). Oxford University PressOxford.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198863564.003.0003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3205988310

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
62. Elizabeth Hilvert , Denise Davidson , Cheryl M. Scott (2019). An In-Depth Analysis of Expository Writing in Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(8), 3412-3425. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04057-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2945591170

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
63. Vasiliki Mourgkasi , Sofia Mavropoulou (2018). Story composition, mental state language and self‐regulated strategy instruction for writers with autism spectrum conditions . Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 18(1), 36-49. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1471-3802.12391 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2620969888

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
64. Ian Hacking (2009). Autistic autobiography . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1522), 1467-1473. The Royal Society.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0329 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4244526978

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
65. Matthew C. Zajic , Sarah Emily Wilson (2020). Writing research involving children with autism spectrum disorder without a co-occurring intellectual disability: A systematic review using a language domains and mediational systems framework . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 70, 101471. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101471 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2995213673

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
66. Ashley J. Harrison , Kristin A. Long , Douglas C. Tommet , Richard N. Jones (2017). Examining the Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender on Social and Behavioral Ratings Within the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(9), 2770-2782. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3176-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2623028387

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
67. (n.d.). ref40

    Type: Other

    Crossref
68. Elizabeth Hilvert , Denise Davidson , Perla B. Gámez (2020). Assessment of personal narrative writing in children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 69, 101453. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101453 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2980418047

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
69. Robert C. Pennington , Megan Carpenter (2019). Teaching Written Expression to Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Complex Communication Needs . Topics in Language Disorders, 39(2), 191-207. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/tld.0000000000000181 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2941864092

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
70. Izaida Ibrahim (2020). Specific Learning Disorder in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Issues and Future Implications . Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 4(2), 103-112. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s41252-019-00141-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2991483573

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
71. Johanna R. Price , Gary E. Martin , Kong Chen , Jennifer R. Jones (2020). A Preliminary Study of Writing Skills in Adolescents with Autism Across Persuasive, Expository, and Narrative Genres . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(1), 319-332. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04254-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2980578493

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
72. So Yoon Kim , Kristen Bottema‐Beutel (2019). Negotiation of Individual and Collective Identities in the Online Discourse of Autistic Adults . Autism in Adulthood, 1(1), 69-78. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2018.0029 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2921521172

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
73. Christina Nicolaidis , Dora M Raymaker *Autistic author. Learn more… , Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… , Amelia E.V. Baggs , Elesia Ashkenazy *Autistic author. Learn more… , Katherine McDonald et al. (2019). The AASPIRE practice-based guidelines for the inclusion of autistic adults in research as co-researchers and study participants . Autism, 23(8), 2007-2019. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319830523 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2926826419

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
74. Seth A. Parsons , Melissa A. Gallagher , Alicia B. Leggett , Samantha T. Ives , Michelle Lague (2020). An Analysis of 15 Journals’ Literacy Content, 2007–2016 . Journal of Literacy Research, 52(3), 341-367. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1086296x20939551 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3043744533

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
75. (n.d.). ref53

    Type: Other

    Crossref
76. (n.d.). ref56

    Type: Other

    Crossref
77. Matthew C. Zajic , Emily Jane Solari , Nancy S. McIntyre , Lindsay Lerro , Peter Clive Mundy (2021). Observing Visual Attention and Writing Behaviors During a Writing Assessment: Comparing Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder to Peers with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Typically Developing Peers . Autism Research, 14(2), 356-368. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2383 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3085934868

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
78. (n.d.). ref61

    Type: Other

    Crossref
79. (n.d.). ref68

    Type: Other

    Crossref
80. (n.d.). ref70

    Type: Other

    Crossref
81. (n.d.). ref75

    Type: Other

    Crossref
82. (n.d.). ref78

    Type: Other

    Crossref