Identification des Maoris autistes en Aotearoa Nouvelle-Zelande : une etude transversale nationale

Titre original en anglais : Identification of autistic Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand: A national cross-sectional study

Cette publication est incluse dans le projet « Contributions académiques de personnes autistes sur l’autisme ». un auteur·ice de cette publication est identifié·e comme autiste dans le projet.

À propos de la mention auteur·ice autiste

Sources de métadonnées utilisées pour cette référence

OpenAlex Crossref BibTeX OpenCitations
En savoir plus sur les sources utilisées

Tupou, J., Kewene, F., Morrison-Young, I., Wi-Hongi, A., Sporle, A., Diamond, T., Theodore, R., & Bowden, N. (2025). Identification of autistic Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand: A national cross-sectional study. Autism, 30(2), 362-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613251380927

Date de publication: 14/10/2025 Ajout dans AutiHub: 09/10/2026 Type: Article Langue de l’article: Anglais
Source éditeur (DOI) Source OpenAlex

Cette publication est intégrée dans AutiHub via :

Auteurs

Auteur·ices des publications
8
Auteur·ices de la publication identifié·es comme autistes
1 / 8 (12,5 %)
  1. Jessica Tupou
  2. Fran Kewene
  3. Ia Morrison-Young *
  4. Ahi Wi-Hongi
  1. Andrew Sporle
  2. Tori Diamond
  3. Reremoana Theodore
  4. Nicholas Bowden

Résumé

Cette etude examine les disparites dans les taux d identification de l autisme et les besoins de soutien entre les populations maories et non maories en Aotearoa Nouvelle-Zelande. La recherche a ete menee selon une approche collaborative avec des Maoris autistes. Des donnees administratives a l echelle de la population ont ete analysees pour toutes les personnes agees de 0 a 24 ans (N = 1,565,505) au 30 juin 2018. L identification de l autisme a ete determinee a partir des dossiers des services de sante de juillet 2010 a juin 2018. Des analyses comparatives ont examine les taux d autisme, la coexistence d une deficience intellectuelle (ID) et l attribution de l Ongoing Resourcing Scheme (ORS ; soutien financier educatif pour les besoins eleves) entre les populations maories et non maories. Les taux d identification de l autisme etaient plus faibles chez les Maoris (70.9/10,000) que chez les non-Maoris (78.3/10,000). Les Maoris autistes presentaient des taux plus eleves de diagnostic de deficience intellectuelle (OR = 1.12 ; IC a 95 % = 1.02, 1.24) et d attribution de financement ORS (OR = 1.35 ; IC a 95 % = 1.22, 1.48). Les disparites observees dans les taux d identification de l autisme et les profils diagnostiques suggerent d eventuels obstacles systemiques a l identification de l autisme chez les Maoris, en particulier chez ceux ayant des besoins de soutien formels moins importants. De futures recherches Kaupapa Maori, dirigees par des personnes autistes, sont justifiees afin de mieux comprendre ces disparites et d orienter des services de diagnostic et de soutien adaptes a la culture. Resume destine au grand public Dans cette etude, des Maoris autistes ont collabore avec des chercheurs pour analyser l identification de l autisme en Aotearoa Nouvelle-Zelande a l aide de donnees administratives a l echelle de la population. La recherche a examine tous les enfants et jeunes (0 a 24 ans) de la population d Aotearoa Nouvelle-Zelande au 30 juin 2018, en identifiant l autisme a partir des dossiers des services de sante entre juillet 2010 et juin 2018. Les resultats ont montre des taux d identification de l autisme plus faibles chez les Maoris (70.9 pour 10,000) que chez les non-Maoris (78.3 pour 10,000). Cette difference de taux est probablement le reflet d inegalites persistantes et du racisme systemique, et non de veritables differences de prevalence. Les Maoris autistes recevaient egalement plus frequemment un diagnostic de deficience intellectuelle (ID) et etaient plus susceptibles de recevoir un soutien financier educatif pour les besoins eleves que les non-Maoris autistes. Bien que ces profils puissent suggerer des besoins de soutien formels plus eleves chez les Maoris autistes, il est essentiel de reconnaitre que les besoins de soutien sont tres individuels et dependant du contexte, ce qui les rend difficiles a mesurer au moyen d indicateurs generaux. Le taux global plus faible d identification de l autisme chez les Maoris, associe a ces resultats, suggere que les Maoris autistes ayant des besoins de soutien formels moins importants pourraient ne pas avoir la possibilite d obtenir un diagnostic et ne pas acceder aux soutiens et services auxquels ils ont droit. De futures recherches Kaupapa Maori, dirigees par des personnes autistes, sont necessaires pour parvenir a une comprehension plus nuancee de l identification de l autisme et des besoins de soutien chez les Maoris.

This study examines disparities in autism identification rates and support needs between Māori and non-Māori populations in Aotearoa New Zealand. The research was conducted through a collaborative approach with autistic Māori. Population-level administrative data were analysed for all individuals aged 0–24 years (N = 1,565,505) as of 30 June 2018. Autism identification was determined through health service records from July 2010 to June 2018. Comparative analyses examined autism rates, intellectual disability (ID) co-occurrence, and Ongoing Resourcing Scheme (ORS; high-need education funding support) allocation between Māori and non-Māori populations. Autism identification rates were lower among Māori (70.9/10,000) compared to non-Māori (78.3/10,000). Autistic Māori had higher rates of ID diagnosis (OR = 1.12; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.24) and ORS funding allocation (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.22, 1.48). The observed disparities in autism identification rates and diagnostic patterns suggest potential systemic barriers to autism identification among Māori, particularly for those with lower formal support needs. Future Kaupapa Māori, autistic-led research is warranted to better understand these disparities and inform culturally responsive diagnostic and support services. Lay Abstract In this study, autistic Māori collaborated with researchers to analyse autism identification in Aotearoa New Zealand using population-level administrative data. The research examined all children and young people (0–24 years) in the Aotearoa New Zealand population as of 30 June 2018, identifying autism through health service records between July 2010 and June 2018. The findings showed lower autism identification rates among Māori (70.9 per 10,000) compared to non-Māori (78.3 per 10,000). This difference in rates is likely to reflect ongoing inequities and systemic racism, not true prevalence differences. Autistic Māori were also more frequently diagnosed with intellectual disability (ID) and more likely to receive high-need education funding support than autistic non-Māori. While these patterns might suggest higher formal support needs among autistic Māori, it’s crucial to recognise that support requirements are highly individual and context-dependent, making them difficult to measure using broad indicators. The lower overall autism identification rate among Māori, combined with these findings, suggests that autistic Māori with lower formal support needs may be missing opportunities for diagnosis and not accessing the supports and services they are entitled to. Future Kaupapa Māori, autistic-led research is needed to gain a more nuanced understanding of autism identification and support needs among Māori.

Bibliographie citée par cette référence

Les références citées sont importées depuis des sources externes de métadonnées lorsqu’elles sont disponibles. La liste peut être partielle.

Vue d’ensemble de la bibliographie citée

Ces indicateurs décrivent la bibliographie citée par cette publication. Un nom d’auteurice est compté chaque fois qu’il apparaît dans une référence citée : une même personne peut donc être comptée plusieurs fois. Les noms qui ne sont pas encore associés à un·e auteurice déjà présent·e dans AutiHub sont traités comme inconnus, pas comme non autistes. Dernier calcul : 28/10/2026 01:01.

Références citées
78
Avec un DOI
55
Sans DOI, à partir du texte brut de la bibliographie
23
7 / 78 (9,0 %) références citées comprennent au moins une personne identifiée comme autiste.
Références avec données à compléter
15 / 78 (19,2 %)
Références avec noms d’auteurices détectés
64 / 78 (82,1 %)
Sans nom d’auteurice détecté
14
Sans titre structuré
15
Sans identifiant stable
22
Références avec noms bruts d’auteurices restant à vérifier
14
Références avec problème de récupération des métadonnées externes
0
Ces indicateurs portent sur les références citées affichées sur cette page, après fusion des doublons techniques. Une référence sans DOI peut quand même soutenir les statistiques d’auteurices lorsqu’un titre et des noms d’auteurices sont disponibles.
Noms d’auteurices détectés dans la bibliographie citée
488
À partir du DOI ou de métadonnées externes
488
À partir du texte brut validé de la bibliographie
0
Noms bruts déjà validés
0
Noms bruts restant à vérifier
25
101 / 488 (20,7 %) noms sont associés à un·e auteurice déjà présent·e dans AutiHub. 387 / 488 (79,3 %) noms ne sont pas encore associés.
Noms associés à une personne identifiée comme autiste
8 / 488 (1,6 %)
Calculé sur l’ensemble des noms d’auteurices détectés dans la bibliographie citée. Parmi les noms associés à un·e auteurice déjà présent·e dans AutiHub : 8 / 101 (7,9 %). Personnes distinctes identifiées comme autistes : 7 / 349 (2,0 %).
  1. Billie Margaret Jean Searing , Fiona Graham , Rebecca Grainger (2015). Support Needs of Families Living with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(11), 3693-3702. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2516-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W819418726
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. Altogether Autism. (2017). A time and space for Takiwātanga. Altogether Autism Journal 2(2) 13. https://www.altogetherautism.org.nz/a-time-and-space-for-takiwatanga/
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  4. González Moreno, Andrés Santiago (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association.
    Type: Livre DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4247665917
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Catherine Noakes-Duncan (2023). What do Māori educators want Pākehā outreach teachers to know when working with tamariki Māori on the autism spectrum with high, complex needs? Kairaranga, 24(2), 1-14. Massey University.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.54322/kairaranga.v24i2.368 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4389791901
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Anna M. Ehret , Matthias Berking (2013). DSM-IV und DSM-5: Was hat sich tatsächlich verändert? Verhaltenstherapie, 23(4), 258-266. S. Karger AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1159/000356537 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1964286403
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Gray Atherton , Emma Edisbury , Andrea Piovesan , Liam Cross (2022). Autism Through the Ages: A Mixed Methods Approach to Understanding How Age and Age of Diagnosis Affect Quality of Life . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(8), 3639-3654. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05235-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3191831555
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. Johnny L. Matson , Mary Shoemaker (2009). Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(6), 1107-1114. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2009.06.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2015463602
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Atkinson J. (2020). NZDep2018 Index of deprivation, final research report, December 2020 . NZDep2018 Index of deprivation, final research report, December 2020.
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  11. Yue Yu , Patricia L. Schetter , Melina Melgarejo , Jessica Suhrheinrich , Jamie Holmes , Jean Gonsier-Gerdin et al. (2025). Examining a Decade of Changes in Autism Identification and Inclusion by Race and Ethnicity in California Education System . The Journal of Special Education, 59(3), 148-158. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/00224669251321461 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4408671661
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Jill Bevan‐Brown (2006). Beyond policy and good intentions . International Journal of Inclusive Education, 10(2-3), 221-234. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/13603110500392775 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2020915376
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Autism NZ. (2024). Getting it right – Provision and access to timely and appropriate supports for the tāngata whaitakiwātanga/autistic community before during and after diagnosis. https://autismnz.org.nz/resources/14596/
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  14. Kelly A. Shaw , Susan Williams , Mary E. Patrick , Miguel Valencia-Prado , Maureen S. Durkin , Ellen M. Howerton et al. (2025). Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 . MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 74(2), 1-22. Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss7402a1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4409458169
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Jill Bevan-Brown (2013). Including people with disabilities: an indigenous perspective . International Journal of Inclusive Education, 17(6), 571-583. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/13603116.2012.694483 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2048343564
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Brandon S. Aylward , Diana E. Gal-Szabo , Sharief Taraman (2021). Racial, Ethnic, and Sociodemographic Disparities in Diagnosis of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 42(8), 682-689. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000996 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3199889683
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Tristram Ingham , Bernadette Jones , Paula Toko King , Kirsten Smiler , Helena Tuteao , Gabrielle Baker et al. (2022). Decolonising Disability: Indigenous Māori Perspectives of Disability Research in the Modern Era . Dans Handbook of Disability (pp. 1-22). Springer Nature Singapore.
    Type: Chapitre de livre DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-1278-7_68-1
    Crossref OpenCitations
  18. Christina Birkin , Angelika Anderson , Fred Seymour , Dennis W. Moore (2008). A parent‐focused early intervention program for autism: Who gets access? Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 33(2), 108-116. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/13668250802036746 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2062219564
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Jon Baio , Lisa Wiggins , Deborah L. Christensen , Matthew J Maenner , Julie Daniels , Zachary Warren et al. (2018). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014 . MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 67(6), 1-23. Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2614349964
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Isaac Warbrick , Rereata Makiha , Deborah Heke , Daniel Hikuroa , Shaun Awatere , Valance Smith (2023). Te Maramataka—An Indigenous System of Attuning with the Environment, and Its Role in Modern Health and Well-Being . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2739. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032739 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4319318975
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Laura Crane , James W Chester , Lorna Goddard , Lucy A Henry , Elisabeth L. Hill (2016). Experiences of autism diagnosis: A survey of over 1000 parents in the United Kingdom . Autism, 20(2), 153-162. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361315573636 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2118478153
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Jonathan S Beck , Rebecca A Lundwall , Terisa Gabrielsen , Jonathan C Cox , Mikle South (2020). Looking good but feeling bad: “Camouflaging” behaviors and mental health in women with autistic traits . Autism, 24(4), 809-821. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320912147 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3028258828
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Ricci Harris , Martin Tobias , Mona Jeffreys , Kiri Waldegrave , Saffron Karlsen , James Nazroo (2006). Effects of self-reported racial discrimination and deprivation on Māori health and inequalities in New Zealand: cross-sectional study . The Lancet, 367(9527), 2005-2009. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68890-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2118936332
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Álvaro Bejarano‐Martín , Ricardo Canal-Bedia , María Magán-Maganto , Clara Fernández-Álvarez , María Victoria Cilleros-Martín , María Cruz Sánchez-Gómez et al. (2020). Early Detection, Diagnosis and Intervention Services for Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the European Union (ASDEU): Family and Professional Perspectives . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(9), 3380-3394. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04253-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2979478955
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Eric I. Benchimol , Liam Smeeth , Astrid Guttmann , Katie Harron , David Moher , Irene Petersen et al. (2015). The Reporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) statement . Plosmedicine, 12(10), e1001885. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001885 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2163278718
    Crossref OpenAlex
  26. Samuel Tromans , Verity Chester , Eli Gemegah , Kristian Roberts , Zoe Morgan , Guiqing Lily Yao et al. (2021). Autism identification across ethnic groups: a narrative review . Advances in Autism, 7(3), 241-255. Emerald.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1108/aia-03-2020-0017 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3039573567
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Mere Berryman , Therese Ford , Ann Nevin , Suzanne SooHoo (2015). Culturally responsive contexts: Establishing relationships for inclusion . International Journal of Special Education, 30(3), 39.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2235294982
    Crossref OpenAlex
  28. Benchmark. (2024). Responsive practice with adults with intellectual disability. https://www.benchmark.org.nz/guidelines/responsive-practice-with-adults-with-learning-intellectual-disability/#fn1
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  29. Matthew J. Maenner , Kelly A. Shaw , Amanda V. Bakian , Deborah A. Bilder , Maureen S. Durkin , Amy Esler et al. (2021). Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2018 . MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 70(11), 1-16. Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss7011a1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3216151710
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Anne Masi , Marilena M. DeMayo , Nicholas Glozier , Adam J Guastella (2017). An Overview of Autism Spectrum Disorder, Heterogeneity and Treatment Options . Neuroscience Bulletin, 33(2), 183-193. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0100-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2588655326
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Bevan-Brown J. (2004). Māori perspectives of autistic spectrum disorder: Report to the Ministry of Education . Māori perspectives of autistic spectrum disorder: Report to the Ministry of Education.
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  32. Matthew J. Maenner , Kelly A. Shaw , Jon Baio , EdS1 , Anita Washington , Mary Patrick et al. (2020). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016 . MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 69(4), 1-12. Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6904a1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3027179734
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Eun Ji Kim , Taekyu Kim , Joseph Conigliaro , Jane M. Liebschutz , Michael K. Paasche-Orlow , Amresh D. Hanchate (2018). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Diagnosis of Chronic Medical Conditions in the USA . Journal of General Internal Medicine, 33(7), 1116-1123. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s11606-018-4471-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2799577746
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Janet Shibley Hyde , Rebecca S. Bigler , Daphna Joel , Charlotte Chucky Tate , Sari M. van Anders (2019). The future of sex and gender in psychology: Five challenges to the gender binary. American Psychologist, 74(2), 171-193. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/amp0000307 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2884554049
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Bevan-Brown J. (2015). Working with Māori children with special education needs: He mahi whakahirahira . Working with Māori children with special education needs: He mahi whakahirahira.
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  37. Chirag Mehra , Annesha Sil , Tammy Hedderly , Marinos Kyriakopoulos , Ming Lim , Jessica Turnbull et al. (2019). Childhood disintegrative disorder and autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review . Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 61(5), 523-534. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14126 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2905015201
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. Eilidh Cage , Zoe Troxell-Whitman (2019). Understanding the Reasons, Contexts and Costs of Camouflaging for Autistic Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1899-1911. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-03878-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2909219349
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Matthew J. Maenner , Zachary Warren , Ashley Robinson Williams , Esther Amoakohene , Amanda V. Bakian , Deborah A. Bilder et al. (2023). Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020 . MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 72(2), 1-14. Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss7202a1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4360600181
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. Victoria Milner , Hollie McIntosh , Emma Colvert , Francesca Happé (2019). A Qualitative Exploration of the Female Experience of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(6), 2389-2402. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-03906-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2917614824
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Nicholas Bowden , Sheree Gibb , Richard Audas , Sally Clendon , Joanne Dacombe , Jesse Koka'ua et al. (2022). Association Between High-Need Education-Based Funding and School Suspension Rates for Autistic Students in New Zealand . JAMA Pediatrics, 176(7), 664. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.1296 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4280549384
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Nicholas Bowden , Barry Milne , Richard Audas , Betony Clasby , Joanne Dacombe , Warren Forster et al. (2022). Criminal justice system interactions among young adults with and without autism: A national birth cohort study in New Zealand . Autism, 26(7), 1783-1794. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211065541 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4200483217
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Barry J Milne , June Atkinson , Tony Blakely , Hilary Day , Jeroen Douwes , Sheree Gibb et al. (2019). Data Resource Profile: The New Zealand Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) . International Journal of Epidemiology, 48(3), 677-677e. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz014 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2917964607
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. Helen Moewaka Barnes , Tim McCreanor (2019). Colonisation, hauora and whenua in Aotearoa . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 49(S1), 19-33. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2019.1668439 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2978235835
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. Nicholas Bowden , Hiran Thabrew , Jesse Koka'ua , Richard Audas , Barry Milne , Kirsten Smiler et al. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder/Takiwātanga: An Integrated Data Infrastructure-based approach to autism spectrum disorder research in New Zealand . Autism, 24(8), 2213-2227. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320939329 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3043799496
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Troy Ruhe , Betty Kolose-Pulefolau , Siale Foliaki , Nicholas Bowden , Rosalina Richards , Jesse Koka'ua (2022). Examining case complexity among Pasifika with autism/Takiwātanga in Aotearoa New Zealand: a national cross-sectional study . Pacific Health Dialog, 21(10), 673-682. Pasifika Medical Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.26635/phd.2024.144 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4313547801
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Jessica Tupou , Sally Curtis , Dorothy Taare-Smith , Ali Glasgow , Hannah Waddington (2021). Māori and autism: A scoping review . Autism, 25(7), 1844-1858. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211018649 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3164054252
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. Katherine A. Thurber , Joanne Thandrayen , Emily Banks , Kate Doery , Mikala Sedgwick , Raymond Lovett (2020). Strengths-based approaches for quantitative data analysis: A case study using the australian Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children . SSM - Population Health, 12, 100637. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100637 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3047414880
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  50. Amy Drahota , Richard Sadler , Christopher Hippensteel , Brooke Ingersoll , Lauren Bishop (2020). Service deserts and service oases: Utilizing geographic information systems to evaluate service availability for individuals with autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 24(8), 2008-2020. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320931265 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3036335821
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Education Counts. (2024). Ongoing Resourcing Scheme (ORS). https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/statistics/ongoing-resourcing-scheme
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  52. Bernadette Jones , Paula Toko King , Gabrielle Baker , Linda Waimarie Nikora , Huhana Hickey , Meredith Perry et al. (2024). Karanga rua, karanga maha: Māori with lived experience of disability self‐determining their own identities . Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 19(1), 45-64. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/1177083x.2023.2224422 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4381805175
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  53. Éric Fombonne , Katharine E Zuckerman (2022). Clinical Profiles of Black and White Children Referred for Autism Diagnosis . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(3), 1120-1130. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05019-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3156574267
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Sheree Gibb (2016). Identifying the New Zealand resident population in the Integrated Data Infrastructure . Identifying the New Zealand resident population in the Integrated Data Infrastructure.
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  56. Maggie Walter , Raymond Lovett , Bobby Maher , Bhiamie Williamson , Jacob Prehn , Gawaian Bodkin‐Andrews et al. (2021). Indigenous Data Sovereignty in the Era of Big Data and Open Data . Australian Journal of Social Issues, 56(2), 143-156. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/ajs4.141 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3095450768
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Lara M. Greaves , Cinnamon Lindsay Latimer , Emerald Muriwai , Charlotte Moore , Eileen Li , Andrew Sporle et al. (2024). Māori and the Integrated Data Infrastructure: an assessment of the data system and suggestions to realise Māori data aspirations [Te Māori me te Integrated Data Infrastructure: he aromatawai i te pūnaha raraunga me ngā marohitanga e poipoia ai ngā wawata raraunga Māori] . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 54(2), 190-206. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2022.2154368 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4317373336
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  58. Neda Salahshour (2021). A Critique of New Zealand’s Exclusive Approach to Intercultural Education . New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 56(1), 111-128. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40841-020-00179-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3096799889
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  59. Emily Harris (2023). Autism Prevalence Has Been on the Rise in the US for Decades—And That’s Progress . JAMA, 329(20), 1724. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.6078 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4367834439
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  61. Denise Wilson , Eleanor Moloney , Jenny M. Parr , Cathleen Aspinall , Julia Slark (2021). Creating an Indigenous Māori‐centred model of relational health: A literature review of Māori models of health . Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30(23-24), 3539-3555. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15859 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3165260000
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  62. Stuart C. Lau , Natalie M. Czuczman , Liz Dennett , Matthew Hicks , Maria B. Ospina (2025). Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Prevalence of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Among Indigenous Children . JAACAP Open, 3(3), 406-420. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaacop.2024.02.007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4393944300
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. Jessica Tupou , Chevelle Ataera , Carla Wallace-Watkin , Hannah Waddington (2024). Supporting tamariki takiwātanga Māori (autistic Māori children): Exploring the experience of early childhood educators . Autism, 28(3), 705-717. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613231181622 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4383058576
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  64. Himang Mujoo , Nicholas Bowden , Hiran Thabrew , Jesse Koka'ua , Richard Audas , Barry Taylor (2023). Identifying neurodevelopmental disabilities from nationalised preschool health check . Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 57(8), 1140-1149. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/00048674231151606 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4319333769
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  65. Ministry of Education. (2024). Overview of the ongoing resourcing scheme. https://www.education.govt.nz/school/student-support/special-education/ors
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  66. Ministry of Health. (2025). New Zealand health survey: Autism spectrum disorder (2-14 years). https://minhealthnz.shinyapps.io/nz-health-survey-2023-24-annual-data-explorer/_w_6952041b09e54ff19d59d33c8af6e393/#!/explore-indicators
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  67. People First NZ. (2024). Our story. https://www.peoplefirst.org.nz/who-we-are/our-story
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  68. SAS Institute Inc (2014). SAS 7.1 . SAS 7.1.
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  69. Smith M. (2016). Ongoing resourcing scheme and school high health needs fund . Ongoing resourcing scheme and school high health needs fund.
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  70. StataCorp (2017). Stata statistical software: Release 15 . Stata statistical software: Release 15.
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  71. Statistics New Zealand (2016). Statistics New Zealand. (2016). Classifications and related statistical standards: Urban Area Statistics. Classifications and related statistical standards: Urban Area Statistics.
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  73. Statistics New Zealand. (2021a). Data standard for gender sex and variations of sex characteristics. www.stats.govt.nz. ISBN 978-1-99-003248-6
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  74. Statistics New Zealand. (2021b). Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) refresh: Linking report. Statistical Methods June 2021 Refresh. https://statsnz.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/api/collection/p20045coll4/id/542/download
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  75. Statistics New Zealand. (2024). 2023 Census population counts (by ethnic group age and Māori descent) and dwelling counts. https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2023-census-population-counts-by-ethnic-group-age-and-maori-descent-and-dwelling-counts/
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  76. Te Pou o te Whakaaro Nui. (2019). Te Tau Tītoki: A framework for supporting people on the autism spectrum. https://www.tepou.co.nz/resources/te-tau-titoki-a-framework-forsupporting-people-on-the-autism-spectrum/915
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  77. Whaikaha – Ministry of Disabled People and Ministry of Education. (2022). Aotearoa New Zealand autism guideline: He Waka Huia Takiwātanga Rau (3rd ed.). https://www.whaikaha.govt.nz/about-us/programmes-strategies-and-studies/guidelines/nz-autism-guideline#scroll-to-2
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  78. Whitehouse A. Varcin K. Waddington H. Sulek R. Bent C. Ashburner J. Eapen V. Goodall E. Hudry K. Roberts J. Silove N. Trembath D. (2020). Interventions for children on the autism spectrum: A synthesis of research evidence. https://www.autismcrc.com.au/interventions-evidence
    Type: Autre
    Crossref