Empathic Disequilibrium as a Predictor of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Autistic and Nonautistic People

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Moseley, R., Shalev, I., Gregory, N., & Uzefovsky, F. (2024). Empathic Disequilibrium as a Predictor of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Autistic and Nonautistic People. Autism in Adulthood, 7(6), 724-738. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2023.0134

Publication date: 18 Jun 2024 Added to AutiHub: 6 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
4
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 4 (25.0%)
  1. Rachel Moseley *
  2. Ido Shalev
  3. Nicola Gregory
  4. Florina Uzefovsky

Abstract

Background: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) affects many autistic individuals, and has been linked to suicidality in this group. It has been closely linked to difficulties with intrapersonal emotion regulation, but a role of interpersonal emotion regulation processes in NSSI has been underexplored. Empathic disequilibrium is a state of imbalance between a person’s cognitive empathy (CE) and emotional empathy (EE). We recently found that autistic people exhibit heightened EE relative to CE, consistent with their firsthand reports of hypersensitivity to the emotions of others. Because this kind of empathic imbalance is associated with hyperarousal and emotional reactivity, we hypothesized that it might increase the risk of NSSI, which often occurs as a means of trying to regulate overwhelming or distressing emotions. Methods: We measured CE, EE, emotional reactivity, and NSSI behaviors in 304 autistic and 289 nonautistic participants, and used polynomial regression with response surface analysis to examine empathic disequilibrium as a predictor of emotional reactivity and engagement in NSSI. Results: Replicating previous research, individuals with an autism diagnosis were more likely to show a pattern of EE-dominance (OR = 4.51 [2.66, 7.63], p < 0.001), although they did not differ significantly in overall empathy levels. While empathic disequilibrium was associated with NSSI in autistic and nonautistic people, the nature of these pathways differed between groups. In autistic people, empathic disequilibrium toward EE-dominance was associated with a higher incidence of NSSI through emotional reactivity. In contrast, for nonautistic individuals, the incidence of NSSI was associated with overall empathy and, when accounting for emotional reactivity, with empathic disequilibrium toward CE dominance. Conclusions: While future studies should investigate the direction of relationships with longitudinal designs, these findings highlight different mechanisms for NSSI in autistic and nonautistic people. They corroborate growing evidence that the relative imbalance between empathic abilities may be relevant for meaningful outcomes, such as psychopathology.

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Cited references
89
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
7 / 89 (7.9%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
8 / 376 (2.1%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 8 / 81 (9.9%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 4 / 332 (1.2%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
81 / 376 (21.5%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 52 / 332 (15.7%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
73 / 81 (90.1%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 73 / 376 (19.4%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 48 / 52 (92.3%).
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