A ‘choice’, an ‘addiction’, a way ‘out of the lost’: exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability

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Moseley, R., Gregory, N., Smith, P., Allison, C., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2019). A ‘choice’, an ‘addiction’, a way ‘out of the lost’: exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability. Molecular Autism, 10(1), 18-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-019-0267-3

Publication date: 11 Apr 2019 Added to AutiHub: 6 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
5
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 5 (20.0%)
  1. Rachel Moseley *
  2. Nicola Gregory
  3. Paula Smith
  4. Carrie Allison
  5. Simon Baron-Cohen

Abstract

Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) describes a phenomenon where individuals inflict deliberate pain and tissue damage to their bodies. Self-injurious behaviour is especially prevalent across the autism spectrum, but little is understood about the features and functions of self-injury for autistic individuals without intellectual disability, or about the risk factors that might be valuable for clinical usage in this group. Methods: One hundred and three autistic adults who responded to an online advertisement were classified as current, historic or non-self-harmers in accordance with responses to the Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Assessment Tool (NSSI-AT). Multinomial regression aimed to predict categorisation of participants in accordance with scores on tests of autistic traits, alexithymia, depression, anxiety, mentalising and sensory sensitivity. Linear regression examined relationships between these predictors and the range, frequency, lifetime occurrence and functional purposes of NSSI. Qualitative analysis explored the therapeutic interventions that participants had found helpful, and what they wished people understood about self-injury. Results: Current, historic and non-self-harming participants did not differ in age, age at diagnosis, male-to-female ratio, level of employment or education (the majority qualified to at least degree level). The most common function of NSSI was the regulation of low-energy affective states (depression, dissociation), followed by the regulation of high-energy states such as anger and anxiety. Alexithymia significantly predicted the categorisation of participants as current, historic or non-self-harmers, and predicted use of NSSI for regulating high-energy states and communicating distress to others. Depression, anxiety and sensory-sensitivity also differentiated participant groups, and sensory differences also predicted the range of bodily areas targeted, lifetime incidence and frequency of NSSI. Sensory differences, difficulty expressing and identifying emotions also emerged as problematic in the qualitative analysis, where participants expressed the need for compassion, patience, non-judgement and the need to recognise diversity between self-harmers, with some participants perceiving NSSI as a practical, non-problematic coping strategy. Conclusions: Alexithymia, depression, anxiety and sensory differences may place some autistic individuals at especial risk of self-injury. Investigating the involvement of these variables and their utility for identification and treatment is of high importance, and the voices of participants offer guidance to practitioners confronted with NSSI in their autistic clients.

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Cited references
154
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
0 / 154 (0.0%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
0 / 616 (0.0%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 0 / 85 (0.0%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 0 / 543 (0.0%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
85 / 616 (13.8%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 56 / 543 (10.3%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
85 / 85 (100.0%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 85 / 616 (13.8%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 56 / 56 (100.0%).
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