Addressing Common Problems in Autism Research: Cohort Development and Sample Description for a Participatory, Real-World, Longitudinal Study of Outcomes in Autistic Adults

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Nicolaidis, C., Moura, I., Baker-Ericzén, M., Scharer, M., Maslak, J., Kripke-Ludwig, R., Horner-Johnson, W., Love, J., Raymaker, D. M., Joyce, A., des Roches Rosa, S., Herbert, G. A., Taylor, J. L., Yang, L. Q., McDonald, K., Siddeek, Z., Kapp, S. K., Frowner, E., Smith, I.,..., & Gardiner, F. (2026). Addressing Common Problems in Autism Research: Cohort Development and Sample Description for a Participatory, Real-World, Longitudinal Study of Outcomes in Autistic Adults. Autism, 30(10), 2628-2647. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613261476381

Publication date: 22 Aug 2026 Added to AutiHub: 1 Oct 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
26
Publication authors identified as autistic
11 / 26 (42.3%)
  1. Christina Nicolaidis
  2. Ian Moura *
  3. Mary Baker-Ericzén
  4. Mirah Scharer
  5. Joelle Maslak *
  6. Rachel Kripke-Ludwig *
  7. Willi Horner-Johnson
  8. Julia Love
  9. Dora M. Raymaker *
  1. Andrea Joyce *
  2. Shannon des Roches Rosa
  3. Grace A. Herbert
  4. Julie Lounds Taylor
  5. Liu-Qin Yang
  6. Katherine McDonald
  7. Zack Siddeek *
  8. Steven K. Kapp *
  9. Emanuel Frowner *
  1. Ivanova Smith *
  2. Anna Furra Wallington *
  3. K. J. Flores
  4. Noah Kaufman
  5. Clarissa Kripke
  6. Joseph Vera
  7. Vivian D. Grillo
  8. Finn Gardiner *

Abstract

Adult autism services research is plagued by methodological challenges, including difficulty obtaining representative or heterogeneous samples and a frequent mismatch between experimental methodologies and real-world settings. The Academic Autism Spectrum Partnership in Research and Education (AASPIRE) Outcomes Project used a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach to (a) create the AASPIRE Measurement Toolkit – a set of self- and caregiver-reported accessible outcome measures to evaluate health and social services and (b) explore factors predicting changes in outcomes. We previously used a CBPR-nested Delphi process to identify high-priority outcomes and adapted or created instruments to measure them. We conducted a longitudinal survey to validate these measures in a pragmatic sample of autistic adults with subcohorts from two health care systems, two disability service systems, and the larger autistic community in the United States. This article (a) describes our study methods and the sample’s baseline characteristics and (b) compares characteristics among participants in the separate subcohorts and sites. We collected baseline data from 870 participants. Follow-up response rates were >80% for the second and third time points. The sample includes strong heterogeneity. As expected, sample characteristics differed markedly between the three subcohorts. Lessons from our experience may help other researchers devise strategies to effectively recruit heterogeneous samples of autistic adults across various settings. Lay Abstract There are many challenges that can get in the way of doing good research on autism in adulthood. Examples of these types of challenges include the following: (a) it can be hard to include autistic people with a wide range of characteristics in research studies and (b) traditional research may come up with results that do not really apply to people in the real world. Academic Autism Spectrum Partnership in Research and Education (AASPIRE) is a group of academics and autistic community members who work together as equal partners. We are creating the AASPIRE Measurement Toolkit, an accessible set of survey measures about the health and life outcomes most important to autistic adults. In an earlier part of the project, we worked together to create the measures in the Toolkit. Now we are doing a big survey study to test the new measures and look at what predicts changes in outcomes over time. This article describes our study methods and the characteristics of the people in the sample. It also compares basic information about people recruited to the study from different places, using different methods. We recruited 870 autistic adults from two health care centers (the health care subgroup); two disability services systems (the disability subgroup); and the broader autistic community. We collected data from each person three times over 12 to 18 months. Over 80% of study participants did the follow-up surveys. People in the study had a wide range of personal and disability-related characteristics. As we predicted, the three subgroups were really different from each other. Even the two sites within the subgroups were a bit different. This serves as a warning to researchers: results that come from people recruited from one setting may not apply to people in other settings. It also shows how using multiple different strategies at the same time can increase the diversity in study samples.

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Associated preprints

Confirmed Reliability level: High Manual
Confirmed Reliability level: High Manual
Confirmed Reliability level: High Manual

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 01:01.

Cited references
45
With a DOI
42
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
3
16 / 45 (35.6%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
2 / 45 (4.4%)
References with detected author names
43 / 45 (95.6%)
Without detected author names
2
Without a structured title
2
Without a stable identifier
3
References with raw author names still to review
2
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
286
From DOI or external metadata
286
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
10
181 / 286 (63.3%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 105 / 286 (36.7%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
55 / 286 (19.2%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 55 / 181 (30.4%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 29 / 228 (12.7%).
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