A Meta-analysis of Outcome Studies of Autistic Adults: Quantifying Effect Size, Quality, and Meta-regression

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

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Mason, D., Capp, S. J., Stewart, G. R., Kempton, M. J., Glaser, K., Howlin, P., & Happé, F. (2020). A Meta-analysis of Outcome Studies of Autistic Adults: Quantifying Effect Size, Quality, and Meta-regression. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(9), 3165-3179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04763-2

Publication date: 17 Nov 2020 Added to AutiHub: 18 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) Full text OpenAlex source

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Authors

Publication authors
7
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 7 (14.3%)
  1. David Mason *
  2. Simone J. Capp
  3. Gavin Robert Stewart
  4. Matthew J. Kempton
  1. Karen Glaser
  2. Patricia Howlin
  3. Francesca Happé

Abstract

Abstract Longitudinal studies have generally reported poor outcomes in adulthood for the majority of individuals (c.50–60%) with autism. Several factors putatively predict outcome (e.g. IQ), but findings remain mixed. This paper presents an updated meta-analysis of autism outcome studies and extends previous findings with additional analyses (including meta-regression). A total of 4088 records was screened and 18 studies, involving 1199 individuals, were included in the quantitative analysis. Estimated percentages indicated that 20.0% of participants were rated as having a good outcome, 26.6% a fair outcome, and 49.3% a poor outcome. Meta-regression indicated that lower IQ in adulthood was predictive of poor outcome; other meta-regression models did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Overall, outcomes for autistic people are on average poor, and higher IQ appears to be protective against having a poor outcome. The limitations of current constructs of outcome are discussed.

Bibliography cited by this reference

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Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 01:01.

Cited references
67
With a DOI
59
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
5
2 / 67 (3.0%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
4 / 67 (6.0%)
References with detected author names
65 / 67 (97.0%)
Without detected author names
2
Without a structured title
4
Without a stable identifier
5
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
245
From DOI or external metadata
245
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
0
78 / 245 (31.8%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 167 / 245 (68.2%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
2 / 245 (0.8%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 2 / 78 (2.6%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 2 / 201 (1.0%).
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