Cross‐neurotype communication from an autistic point of view: Insights on autistic Theory of Mind from a focus group study

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Marocchini, E. & Baldin, I. (2024). Cross‐neurotype communication from an autistic point of view: Insights on autistic Theory of Mind from a focus group study. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 59(6), 2465-2482. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.13095

Publication date: 31 Jul 2024 Added to AutiHub: 27 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
2
Publication authors identified as autistic
2 / 2 (100.0%)
  1. Eleonora Marocchini *
  2. Irene Baldin *

Abstract

Abstract Background The conceptualisation of autism as a disorder where Theory of Mind (ToM) and pragmatics are fundamentally impaired has prompted a wealth of research on autistic deficits, most of which is characterised by two main assumptions: first, that autistic people would display said deficits, if present, with any conversation partner and in any situation; second, that neurotypical people do not present these deficits, regardless of the conversation partner. However, this is not necessarily reflected in autistic accounts of the way they experience social cognition and pragmatics. Aims The present paper aims to investigate the autistic experience of communication with both autistic and neurotypical people, with a particular focus on their perception of the ability of autistic and neurotypical people to understand their communicative intentions. Methods & Procedures Participants, 23 adult Italian autistic people without intellectual disability or language disorders, were recruited online. Two virtual focus groups of 2 hours each were conducted, transcribed and analysed through thematic analysis with a descriptive phenomenological approach by two independent researchers. Outcomes & Results Six themes were developed from the analysis, the most relevant being Autistic–Autistic communication and Autistic ToM. The results, in line with the Double Empathy theory, suggest there seem to be important differences between neurotypical and autistic people's ToM. These appear to make it easier for autistic people to communicate with one another, as well as to create difficulties for neurotypical people to understand autistic people, not just the other way around. Conclusions & Implications These results seem to confirm that challenges in cross‐neurotype communication are better interpreted as mutual miscomprehension and reciprocal differences in ToM rather than deficits on the autistic part. This calls for a reframing of ToM and/or the need for autistic ToM as a construct, of which neurotypical people seem to be lacking. Moreover, these insights should be taken into account for speech and language therapy and clinical practice in general, advocating for a neurodiversity‐informed view of co‐constructed communication as well as for a broader societal change in which therapists can play a crucial role, through participatory approaches or raising awareness in their daily practice. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS What is already known on the subject Autism is conceived as characterised by social cognition and communication difficulties, often linked to Theory of Mind (ToM) deficits. However, recent research suggested variations in ToM abilities within the autistic population and proposed alternative theories like the Double Empathy theory. Nevertheless, only a few studies examined how autistic individuals perceive communication across neurotypes. What this study adds Autistic individuals seem to find it easier to communicate with other autistic people, and they identify specific characteristics of neurotypical communication that hinder successful communication. Moreover, neurotypical people are perceived as having difficulties in autistic ToM, which seems to emerge as a relevant and needed construct in light of the Double Empathy problem. What are the clinical implications of this work? These findings can inform speech and language therapy and clinical practice about the potential gains of raising awareness on the Double Empathy problem and the higher communication ease inside the autistic community, alongside individualised support. Participatory approaches and closer collaboration with the autistic community also seem to be crucial for therapists to help improve communication experiences for autistic individuals.

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Cited references
69
With a DOI
67
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
2
12 / 69 (17.4%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
1 / 69 (1.4%)
References with detected author names
68 / 69 (98.6%)
Without detected author names
1
Without a structured title
1
Without a stable identifier
1
References with raw author names still to review
1
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
204
From DOI or external metadata
204
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
1
75 / 204 (36.8%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 129 / 204 (63.2%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
15 / 204 (7.4%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 15 / 75 (20.0%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 13 / 177 (7.3%).
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