Mutual (Mis)understanding: Reframing Autistic Pragmatic “Impairments” Using Relevance Theory

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Williams, G., Wharton, T., & Jagoe, C. (2021). Mutual (Mis)understanding: Reframing Autistic Pragmatic “Impairments” Using Relevance Theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 616664-616664. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.616664

Journal or book title
Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Volume
12
Pages
616664-616664
Article number
616664
Publication date: 29 Apr 2021 Added to AutiHub: 7 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
3
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 3 (33.3%)
  1. Gemma Williams *
  2. Tim Wharton
  3. Caroline Jagoe

Abstract

A central diagnostic and anecdotal feature of autism is difficulty with social communication. We take the position that communication is a two-way, intersubjective phenomenon—as described by the double empathy problem —and offer up relevance theory (a cognitive account of utterance interpretation) as a means of explaining such communication difficulties. Based on a set of proposed heuristics for successful and rapid interpretation of intended meaning, relevance theory positions communication as contingent on shared—and, importantly, mutually recognized—“relevance.” Given that autistic and non-autistic people may have sometimes markedly different embodied experiences of the world, we argue that what is most salient to each interlocutor may be mismatched. Relevance theory would predict that where this salient information is not (mutually) recognized or adjusted for, mutual understanding may be more effortful to achieve. This paper presents the findings from a small-scale, linguistic ethnographic study of autistic communication featuring eight core autistic participants. Each core autistic participant engaged in three naturalistic conversations around the topic of loneliness with: (1) a familiar, chosen conversation partner; (2) a non-autistic stranger and (3) an autistic stranger. Relevance theory is utilized as a frame for the linguistic analysis of the interactions. Mutual understanding was unexpectedly high across all types of conversation pairings. In conversations involving two autistic participants, flow, rapport and intersubjective attunement were significantly increased and in three instances, autistic interlocutors appeared to experience improvements in their individual communicative competence contrasted with their other conversations. The findings have the potential to guide future thinking about how, in practical terms, communication between autistic and non-autistic people in both personal and public settings might be improved.

Bibliography cited by this reference

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Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 17:07.

Cited references
115
With a DOI
89
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
25
20 / 115 (17.4%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
9 / 115 (7.8%)
References with detected author names
106 / 115 (92.2%)
Without detected author names
9
Without a structured title
8
Without a stable identifier
22
References with raw author names still to review
5
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
271
From DOI or external metadata
271
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
5
110 / 271 (40.6%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 161 / 271 (59.4%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
35 / 271 (12.9%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 35 / 110 (31.8%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 25 / 219 (11.4%).
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