Who's Missing the Point? A Commentary on Claims that Autistic Persons Have a Specific Deficit in Figurative Language Comprehension

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

Gernsbacher, M. A. & Pripas-Kapit, S. (2012). Who's Missing the Point? A Commentary on Claims that Autistic Persons Have a Specific Deficit in Figurative Language Comprehension. Metaphor and Symbol, 27(1), 93-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2012.656255

Publication date: 1 Jan 2012 Added to AutiHub: 16 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
2
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 2 (50.0%)
  1. Morton Ann Gernsbacher
  2. Sarah Pripas-Kapit *

Abstract

It's become a caricature of autistic persons that they don't understand figurative language. Despite empirical evidence to the contrary, three of the four contributions to this special issue endorse this stereotype without question. And all four contributions attribute this supposed deficit to even shakier fallacies, such as the controversial claim that autistic people lack empathy or a 'theory of mind.' In this commentary, we begin by reviewing the literature more exhaustively than the other contributions, and we highlight a point that they missed: Autistic persons are likely to have difficulty comprehending figurative language if they also have difficulty comprehending language in general. There doesn't seem to be a specific deficit in figurative language unique to autism. We also tackle the claim that autistic people lack empathy. And we question the existence of a 'theory of mind area,' while demonstrating the pitfalls that ensnarl researchers when they strain to interpret differences between autistic and non-autistic brain activity as solely autistic deficits.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 20 Sep 2026 00:21.

Cited references
104
With a DOI
88
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
9
2 / 104 (1.9%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
7 / 104 (6.7%)
References with detected author names
101 / 104 (97.1%)
Without detected author names
3
Without a structured title
7
Without a stable identifier
9
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
1
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
313
From DOI or external metadata
313
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
0
64 / 313 (20.4%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 249 / 313 (79.6%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
2 / 313 (0.6%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 2 / 64 (3.1%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 2 / 251 (0.8%).
  1. N. N. Nikolaenko (2001). Metaphorical Thinking in Healthy and Autistic Children as an Index of Interhemispheric Interaction . Doklady Biological Sciences, 379(1-6), 325-327. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1011639927334 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W79908271
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. Jeffrey S. Anderson , T. J. Druzgal , Alyson Froehlich , M. B. DuBray , Nicholas Lange , Andrew L. Alexander et al. (2011). Decreased Interhemispheric Functional Connectivity in Autism . Cerebral Cortex, 21(5), 1134-1146. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq190 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2115205784
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Therese Jolliffe , Simon Baron-Cohen (1999). A test of central coherence theory: linguistic processing in high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome: is local coherence impaired? Cognition, 71(2), 149-185. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00022-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2101043541
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Morton Ann Gernsbacher (2007). On Not Being Human. APS Obs, 20(2), 5.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W279745879
    OpenAlex
  5. Simon Baron-Cohen (1997). CIT0002 Israel Journal of Psychiatry & Related Sciences, 34, 174.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  6. Ingerith Martin , Skye McDonald (2004). An Exploration of Causes of Non-Literal Language Problems in Individuals with Asperger Syndrome . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(3), 311-328. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/b:jadd.0000029553.52889.15 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2075471029
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Learning Disorders , Milton (2006). The journal of developmental processes .
    Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W570646782
    OpenAlex
  8. (n.d.). CIT0003
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  9. Mohammad Ghaziuddin , Philip Thomas , Elizabeth Napier , Gaby Kearney , Luke Tsai , Kathleen Welch et al. (2000). Brief Report: Brief Syntactic Analysis in Asperger Syndrome: A Preliminary Study . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(1), 67-70. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1005416212615 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1585305194
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Molly Losh , Lisa Capps (2003). Narrative Ability in High-Functioning Children with Autism or Asperger's Syndrome . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(3), 239-251. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1024446215446 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1531442997
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. Simon Baron-Cohen , Alan M. Leslie , Uta Frith (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition, 21(1), 37-46. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2093410327
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Fiona M. Lewis , Bruce E. Murdoch , Gail C. Woodyatt (2007). Linguistic abilities in children with autism spectrum disorder . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 1(1), 85-100. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2006.08.001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1986416491
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Renae B. Beaumont , Kate Sofronoff (2008). A New Computerised Advanced Theory of Mind Measure for Children with Asperger Syndrome: The ATOMIC . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(2), 249-260. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-007-0384-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2059964044
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Maureen Dennis , Anne L. Lazenby , Linda Lockyer (2001). Inferential Language in High-Function Children with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(1), 47-54. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1005661613288 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1595651493
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. (n.d.). CIT0009
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  16. Martin J. Eales (1993). Pragmatic impairments in adults with childhood diagnoses of autism or developmental receptive language disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23(4), 593-617. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf01046104 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1972223188
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Vanessa Hus , Amanda Taylor , Catherine Lord (2011). Telescoping of caregiver report on the Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(7), 753-760. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02398.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1603432980
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Erin D. Bigler , Sherstin Mortensen , E. Shannon Neeley , Sally Ozonoff , Lori Krasny , Michael Johnson et al. (2007). Superior Temporal Gyrus, Language Function, and Autism . Developmental Neuropsychology, 31(2), 217-238. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/87565640701190841 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2025583640
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Terry Bennett , Péter Szatmári , Susan Bryson , Joanne Volden , Lonnie Zwaigenbaum , Liezanne Vaccarella et al. (2008). Differentiating Autism and Asperger Syndrome on the Basis of Language Delay or Impairment . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(4), 616-625. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-007-0428-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2051099631
    OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Therese Jolliffe , Simon Baron-Cohen (1999). The Strange Stories Test: A Replication with High-Functioning Adults with Autism or Asperger Syndrome . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(5), 395-406. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1023082928366 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1797088409
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Nathalie Boddaert , Pascal Belin , Nadia Chabane , Jean-Baptiste Poline , Catherine Barthélémy , Marie-Christine Mouren-Simeoni et al. (2003). Perception of Complex Sounds: Abnormal Pattern of Cortical Activation in Autism . American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(11), 2057-2060. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.2057 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2108517203
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Beatriz López , Susan Leekam (2003). Do children with autism fail to process information in context? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(2), 285-300. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00121 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2127463307
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Helen Tager‐Flusberg , Kate Sullivan (1994). A second look at second-order belief attribution in autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(5), 577-586. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf02172139 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1966525463
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Jon Brock , Courtenay Norbury , Shiri Einav , Kate Nation (2008). Do individuals with autism process words in context? Evidence from language-mediated eye-movements . Cognition, 108(3), 896-904. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2008.06.007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2104185129
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. R. Peter Hobson , Anthony Lee , Jessica A. Hobson (2010). Personal Pronouns and Communicative Engagement in Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(6), 653-664. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-009-0910-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2166115009
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Kate Cain , Andrea S. Towse (2008). To Get Hold of the Wrong End of the Stick: Reasons for Poor Idiom Understanding in Children With Reading Comprehension Difficulties . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51(6), 1538-1549. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/07-0269) OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1973802200
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Rhea Paul , Donald J. Cohen (1985). Comprehension of Indirect Requests in Adults with Autistic Disorders and Mental Retardation . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 28(4), 475-479. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/jshr.2804.475 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2028420951
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Lisa Capps , Jennifer Kehres , Marian Sigman (1998). Conversational Abilities Among Children with Autism and Children with Developmental Delays . Autism, 2(4), 325-344. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361398024002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2102113362
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. A.M. Rapp , D.E. Mutschler , B. Wild , M. Erb , I. Lengsfeld , R. Saur et al. (2010). Neural correlates of irony comprehension: The role of schizotypal personality traits . Brain and Language, 113(1), 1-12. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2009.11.007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2035989781
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Rebecca J. Landa , Melissa C. Goldberg (2005). Language, Social, and Executive Functions in High Functioning Autism: A Continuum of Performance . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(5), 557-573. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-005-0001-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1974483393
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Antony Cox , Kate Klein , Tony Charman , Gillian Baird , Simon Baron-Cohen , John Swettenham et al. (1999). Autism Spectrum Disorders at 20 and 42 Months of Age: Stability of Clinical and ADI‐R Diagnosis . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(5), 719-732. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00488 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2136085358
    Crossref OpenAlex
  32. Sally Ozonoff , Judith N. Miller (1996). An Exploration of Right-Hemisphere Contributions to the Pragmatic Impairments of Autism . Brain and Language, 52(3), 411-434. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1006/brln.1996.0022 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2072586924
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Catherine Lord , Michael Rutter , Susan Goode , Jacquelyn Heemsbergen , Heather Jordan , Lynn Mawhood et al. (1989). Austism diagnostic observation schedule: A standardized observation of communicative and social behavior . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19(2), 185-212. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf02211841 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1975228824
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Douglas P. Crowne , David Marlowe (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349-354. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/h0047358 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2120996730
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Mieke Dereu , Ruth Raymaekers , Petra Warreyn , Inge Schietecatte , Mieke Meirsschaut , Herbert Roeyers (2012). Can Child Care Workers Contribute to the Early Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Comparison Between Screening Instruments with Child Care Workers Versus Parents as Informants . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(5), 781-796. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-011-1307-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2152519908
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Francesca Happé (1993). Communicative competence and theory of mind in autism: A test of relevance theory . Cognition, 48(2), 101-119. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/0010-0277(93)90026-r OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1976589030
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Géraldine Dawson , Charles Finley , Sheila Phillips , Larry Galpert (1986). Hemispheric Specialization and the Language Abilities of Autistic Children . Child Development, 57(6), 1440. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/1130422 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4232395542
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. Helen L. Gunter , Mohammad Ghaziuddin , Hadyn D. Ellis (2002). Asperger Syndrome: Tests of Right Hemisphere Functioning and Interhemispheric Communication . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(4), 263-281. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1016326701439 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2145134181
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Joanne Volden , Catherine Lord (1991). Neologisms and idiosyncratic language in autistic speakers . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21(2), 109-130. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf02284755 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1980014198
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Marilyn A. Nippold (2011). How To Be a Critical Consumer of Treatment Studies . Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 42(3), 239-240. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/0161-1461(2011/ed-03) OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2167817909
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. Francesca Happé (1997). Central coherence and theory of mind in autism: Reading homographs in context . British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(1), 1-12. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-835x.1997.tb00721.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1982350555
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Rhea Paul , Stephanie Miles Orlovski , Hillary Chuba Marcinko , Fred Volkmar (2009). Conversational Behaviors in Youth with High-functioning ASD and Asperger Syndrome . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(1), 115-125. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-008-0607-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2159906838
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Francesca Happé , Stefan Ehlers , Paul Fletcher , Uta Frith , Maria Johansson , Christopher Gillberg et al. (1996). ‘Theory of mind’ in the brain. Evidence from a PET scan study of Asperger syndrome . NeuroReport, 8(1), 197-201. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199612200-00040 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2035541936
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Zohar Eviatar , Marcel Adam Just (2006). Brain correlates of discourse processing: An fMRI investigation of irony and conventional metaphor comprehension . Neuropsychologia, 44(12), 2348-2359. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2132431473
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. Uta Frith , Maggie Snowling (1983). Reading for meaning and reading for sound in autistic and dyslexic children . British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1(4), 329-342. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-835x.1983.tb00906.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1988557420
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. Elissa J. Flagg , Janis Oram Cardy , Wendy Roberts , Timothy P.L. Roberts (2005). Language lateralization development in children with autism: Insights from the late field magnetoencephalogram . Neuroscience Letters, 386(2), 82-87. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.05.037 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2008659824
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Maria Chiara Levorato , Barbara Nesi , Cristina Cacciari (2004). Reading comprehension and understanding idiomatic expressions: A developmental study . Brain and Language, 91(3), 303-314. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2004.04.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2016098427
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Ann Le Couteur , Michael Rutter , Catherine Lord , Patricia Rios , Sarah Robertson , Mary Holdgrafer et al. (1989). Autism diagnostic interview: A standardized investigator-based instrument . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19(3), 363-387. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf02212936 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1989442204
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. Simon Baron-Cohen , Sally Wheelwright (2004). The Empathy Quotient: An Investigation of Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High Functioning Autism, and Normal Sex Differences . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163-175. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/b:jadd.0000022607.19833.00 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1992745256
    OpenAlex OpenCitations
  50. Rosa M. García-Pérez , R. Peter Hobson , Anthony Lee (2008). Narrative Role-Taking in Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(1), 156-168. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-007-0379-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2071748024
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Courtenay Norbury (2005). The relationship between theory of mind and metaphor: Evidence from children with language impairment and autistic spectrum disorder . British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 23(3), 383-399. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1348/026151005x26732 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2132085184
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Edna Carter Young , Joshua J. Diehl , Danielle Morris , Susan L. Hyman , Loisa Bennetto (2005). The Use of Two Language Tests to Identify Pragmatic Language Problems in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders . Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 36(1), 62-72. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/0161-1461(2005/006) OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1999850965
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  53. Rosa M. García-Pérez , Anthony Lee , R. Peter Hobson (2007). On Intersubjective Engagement in Autism: A Controlled Study of Nonverbal Aspects of Conversation . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(7), 1310-1322. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-006-0276-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2044619913
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Courtenay Norbury , Dorothy V. M. Bishop (2002). Inferential processing and story recall in children with communication problems: A comparison of specific language impairment, pragmatic language impairment and high‐functioning autism . International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 37(3), 227-251. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/13682820210136269 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2000896405
    OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Gernsbacher M. A. (2006). CIT0027 Journal of Developmental Processes, 1, 139.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  56. A. Ting Wang , Susan S. Lee , Marian Sigman , Mirella Dapretto (2007). Reading Affect in the Face and Voice . Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(6), 698. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.6.698 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2147174731
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Constance Dean Qualls , Joyce L. Harris (2003). Age, Working Memory, Figurative Language Type, and Reading Ability . American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 12(1), 92-102. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/1058-0360(2003/055) OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2003312821
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  58. Morton Ann Gernsbacher , Michelle Dawson * , Laurent Mottron (2006). Autism: Common, heritable, but not harmful . Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29(4), 413-414. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x06319097 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2071428587
    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  59. Gernsbacher M.A. (2007). CIT0029 Observer, 20(2), 5.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  60. Rhea Paul , Donald J. Cohen (1984). Responses to contingent queries in adults with mental retardation and pervasive developmental disorders . Applied Psycholinguistics, 5(4), 349-357. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0142716400005221 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2013393325
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  61. Rebecca Schindele , Jana Lüdtke , Barbara Kaup (2008). Comprehending negation: A study with adults diagnosed with high functioning autism or Asperger's syndrome . Intercultural Pragmatics, 5(4). Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1515/iprg.2008.021 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2013828321
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  62. Gernsbacher M. A. (2005). CIT0031 Journal of Developmental and Learning Disorders, 9, 3.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  63. Géraldine Dawson , C Finley , Sophie Phillips * , L Galpert (1986). Hemispheric specialization and the language abilities of autistic children. PubMed, 57(6), 1440-53.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2014009993
    OpenAlex
  64. Courtenay Norbury (2005). Barking up the wrong tree? Lexical ambiguity resolution in children with language impairments and autistic spectrum disorders . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 90(2), 142-171. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2004.11.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2151766697
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  65. Anne Gilchrist , Jonathan Green , Antony Cox , Di Burton , Michael Rutter , Ann Le Couteur (2001). Development and Current Functioning in Adolescents with Asperger Syndrome: A Comparative Study . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 227-240. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00714 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2096122680
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  66. Rinat Gold , Miriam Faust (2010). Right Hemisphere Dysfunction and Metaphor Comprehension in Young Adults with Asperger Syndrome . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(7), 800-811. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-009-0930-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2118973832
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  67. Midori Shibata , Akira Toyomura , Hiroaki Itoh , Jun-ichi Abe (2010). Neural substrates of irony comprehension: A functional MRI study . Brain Research, 1308, 114-123. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.030 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2019999976
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  68. Rinat Gold , Miriam Faust , Abraham Goldstein (2010). Semantic integration during metaphor comprehension in Asperger syndrome . Brain and Language, 113(3), 124-134. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2010.03.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2138991003
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  69. Francesca Happé (1995). The Role of Age and Verbal Ability in the Theory of Mind Task Performance of Subjects with Autism . Child Development, 66(3), 843. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/1131954 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4232299271
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  70. Courtenay Norbury (2004). Factors Supporting Idiom Comprehension in Children With Communication Disorders . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47(5), 1179-1193. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2004/087) OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2033787375
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  71. Wayne A. Secord , Elisabeth H. Wiig (2009). Interpreting Figurative Language Expressions . Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 45(1), 1-9. S. Karger AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1159/000266202 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2037708502
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  72. Natalia M. Kleinhans , Ralph-Axel Müller , David N. Cohen , Eric Courchesne (2008). Atypical functional lateralization of language in autism spectrum disorders . Brain Research, 1221, 115-125. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.080 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2043524544
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  73. R. Peter Hobson , Anthony Lee , Jessica A. Hobson (2007). Only connect? Communication, identification, and autism . Social Neuroscience, 2(3-4), 320-335. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/17470910701376852 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2151429479
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  74. Margaret M. Kjelgaard , Helen Tager‐Flusberg (2001). An investigation of language impairment in autism: Implications for genetic subgroups . Language and Cognitive Processes, 16(2-3), 287-308. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/01690960042000058 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2047852850
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  75. Catherine Lord (2012). A Multisite Study of the Clinical Diagnosis of Different Autism Spectrum Disorders . Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(3), 306. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.148 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2121327279
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  76. LUKE Y. TSAI , JEAN M. BEISLER (1984). Research in Infantile Autism: A Methodological Problem in Using Language Comprehension as the Basis for Selecting Matched Controls . Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23(6), 700-703. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60539-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2048846930
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  77. Dale T. Miller , Brian Taylor , Michelle L. Buck (1991). Gender gaps: Who needs to be explained? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 5-12. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2059546985
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  78. M. A. Just (2004). Cortical activation and synchronization during sentence comprehension in high-functioning autism: evidence of underconnectivity . Brain, 127(8), 1811-1821. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh199 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2146437136
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  79. Nils Kaland , Annette Møller‐Nielsen , Kirsten Callesen , Erik Lykke Mortensen , Dorte Gottlieb , Lars Smith (2002). A new `advanced' test of theory of mind: evidence from children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(4), 517-528. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00042 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2163927884
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  80. Courtenay Norbury , Dorothy V. M. Bishop , Nick Zelver , M. G. Nimmons (2003). Narrative skills of children with communication impairments . International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 38(3), 287-313. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/136820310000108133 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2066426757
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  81. R. K. Kana (2006). Sentence comprehension in autism: Thinking in pictures with decreased functional connectivity . Brain, 129(9), 2484. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/brain/awl164 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2127810520
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  82. LEO KANNER (1946). IRRELEVANT AND METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE IN EARLY INFANTILE AUTISM . American Journal of Psychiatry, 103(2), 242-246. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1176/ajp.103.2.242 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4321429555
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  83. Laurent Mottron (2004). Matching Strategies in Cognitive Research with Individuals with High-Functioning Autism: Current Practices, Instrument Biases, and Recommendations . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(1), 19-27. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/b:jadd.0000018070.88380.83 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2072896052
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  84. TRACEY A. KNAUS , ANDREW M. SILVER , KRISTEN A. LINDGREN , Nouchine Hadjikhani , Helen Tager‐Flusberg (2008). fMRI activation during a language task in adolescents with ASD . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14(6), 967-979. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s1355617708081216 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2150276107
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  85. DENISE D. VALLANCE , MAXINE GALLANDER WINTRE (1997). Discourse processes underlying social competence in children with language learning disabilities . Development and Psychopathology, 9(1), 95-108. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0954579497001089 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2110929439
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  86. L Kanner (1994). Irrelevant and metaphorical language in early infantile autism. 1946 [classical article] . American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(6), 161-164. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1176/ajp.151.6.161 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2081428735
    OpenAlex
  87. Jean M. Rizzo , M. Irene Stephens (1981). Performance of Children with Normal and Impaired Oral Language Production on a Set of Auditory Comprehension Tests . Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 46(2), 150-159. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/jshd.4602.150 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2088871773
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  88. Marilyn A. Nippold , Sandy H. Fey (1983). Metaphoric Understanding in Preadolescents Having a History of Language Acquisition Difficulties . Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 14(3), 171-180. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/0161-1461.1403.171 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2089104438
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  89. K. Mildenberger , S. Sitter , M. Noterdaeme , H. Amorosa (2001). The use of the ADI-R as a diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis of children with infantile autism and children with a receptive language disorder . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 10(4), 248-255. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s007870170014 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2316859846
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  90. Orly Manor , Ruth S Shalev , Adina Joseph , Varda Gross-Tsur (2001). Arithmetic skills in kindergarten children with developmental language disorders . European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 5(2), 71-77. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1053/ejpn.2001.0468 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2090452348
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  91. A. Ting Wang , Susan S. Lee , Marian Sigman , Mirella Dapretto (2006). Neural basis of irony comprehension in children with autism: the role of prosody and context . Brain, 129(4), 932-943. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/brain/awl032 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2151929612
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  92. C. M. J. Y. Tesink , Jan K. Buitelaar , K. M. Petersson , R. J. van der Gaag , C. C. Kan , I. Tendolkar et al. (2009). Neural correlates of pragmatic language comprehension in autism spectrum disorders . Brain, 132(7), 1941-1952. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp103 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2118908282
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  93. Simon Baron-Cohen (1997). Hey! It was just a joke! Understanding propositions and propositional attitudes by normally developing children and children with autism. PubMed, 34(3), 174-8.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2121066542
    OpenAlex
  94. Tal Yarkoni , Russell A Poldrack , Thomas E Nichols , David C Van Essen , Tor D Wager (2011). Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data . Nature Methods, 8(8), 665-670. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1635 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2124757386
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  95. Norbury C. F. (2002). The poems of John Godfrey Saxe . The poems of John Godfrey Saxe, 37, 227.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  96. (n.d.). CIT0081
    Type: Other DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia. 2010.06.003
    Crossref
  97. Saxe J. G. (1872). The poems of John Godfrey Saxe . The poems of John Godfrey Saxe.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  98. Judith Pijnacker , Bart Geurts , Michiel van Lambalgen , Jan K. Buitelaar , Peter Hagoort (2010). Exceptions and anomalies: An ERP study on context sensitivity in autism . Neuropsychologia, 48(10), 2940-2951. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2153192759
    OpenAlex OpenCitations
  99. Claude M. Steele , Joshua Aronson (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797-811. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4293105157
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  100. Hitoshi Uchiyama , Ayumi Seki , Hiroko Kageyama , Daisuke N. Saito , Tatsuya Koeda , Kousaku Ohno et al. (2006). Neural substrates of sarcasm: A functional magnetic-resonance imaging study . Brain Research, 1124(1), 100-110. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.088 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2163313495
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  101. Morton Ann Gernsbacher (2006). Toward a Behavior of Reciprocity. J. Dev. Process., 1(1), 139.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2262614717
    OpenAlex
  102. Morton Ann Gernsbacher , Jennifer L Frymiare (2005). Does the Autistic Brain Lack Core Modules? J Dev Learn Disord, 9, 3.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2299354788
    OpenAlex
  103. World Wise Schools (1998). Looking at ourselves and others . Looking at ourselves and others.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  104. Morton Ann Gernsbacher (2007). Neural Diversity. PubMed, 20(3), 5-15.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4299796436
    OpenAlex