What About the Girls? Sex-Based Differences in Autistic Traits and Adaptive Skills

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Ratto, A. B., Kenworthy, L., Yerys, B. E., Bascom, J., Wieckowski, A. T., White, S. W., Wallace, G. L., Pugliese, C. E., Schultz, R. T., Ollendick, T. H., Scarpa, A., Seese, S., Register‐Brown, K., Martin, A., & Anthony, L. G. (2017). What About the Girls? Sex-Based Differences in Autistic Traits and Adaptive Skills. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1698-1711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3413-9

Publication date: 4 Dec 2017 Added to AutiHub: 4 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
15
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 15 (6.7%)
  1. Allison B. Ratto
  2. Lauren Kenworthy
  3. Benjamin E. Yerys
  4. Julia Bascom *
  5. Andrea Trubanova Wieckowski
  1. Susan W. White
  2. Gregory L. Wallace
  3. Cara E. Pugliese
  4. Robert T. Schultz
  5. Thomas H. Ollendick
  1. Angela Scarpa
  2. Sydney Seese
  3. Kelly Register‐Brown
  4. Alex Martin
  5. Laura G. Anthony

Abstract

There is growing evidence of a camouflaging effect among females with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), particularly among those without intellectual disability, which may affect performance on gold-standard diagnostic measures. This study utilized an age- and IQ-matched sample of school-aged youth (n = 228) diagnosed with ASD to assess sex differences on the ADOS and ADI-R, parent-reported autistic traits, and adaptive skills. Although females and males were rated similarly on gold-standard diagnostic measures overall, females with higher IQs were less likely to meet criteria on the ADI-R. Females were also found to be significantly more impaired on parent reported autistic traits and adaptive skills. Overall, the findings suggest that some autistic females may be missed by current diagnostic procedures.

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Cited references
87
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
2 / 87 (2.3%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
2 / 387 (0.5%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 2 / 94 (2.1%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 2 / 317 (0.6%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
94 / 387 (24.3%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 56 / 317 (17.7%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
92 / 94 (97.9%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 92 / 387 (23.8%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 54 / 56 (96.4%).
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