Gender Differences During Toddlerhood in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Prospective Community-Based Longitudinal Follow-Up Study

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref PubMed OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

Lawson, L. P., Joshi, R., Barbaro, J., & Dissanayake, C. (2018). Gender Differences During Toddlerhood in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Prospective Community-Based Longitudinal Follow-Up Study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(8), 2619-2628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3516-y

Publication date: 1 Mar 2018 Added to AutiHub: 7 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
4
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 4 (25.0%)
  1. Lauren P. Lawson
  2. Rucha Joshi
  3. Josephine Barbaro *
  4. Cheryl Dissanayake

Abstract

Relatively few studies have examined gender differences in infants and toddlers, and most focus on clinically referred samples or high-risk infant cohorts. The current study aimed to examine gender differences in early autism manifestations and cognitive development in a community-ascertained sample. In total, 46 males and 21 females with ASD were seen at approximately 24 and 48 months of age. No significant gender differences were observed on overall cognitive ability, verbal skills, non-verbal skills, overall autism severity, or restricted repetitive behaviours. However, females were found to exhibit more social communication impairments than males. These findings may indicate that female toddlers with less severe or different, social communication impairments may be more likely to be missed during routine surveillance during toddlerhood.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 12 Sep 2026 18:18.

Cited references
79
With a DOI
73
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
3
8 / 79 (10.1%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
3 / 79 (3.8%)
References with detected author names
76 / 79 (96.2%)
Without detected author names
3
Without a structured title
1
Without a stable identifier
3
References with raw author names still to review
1
References with external metadata lookup issues
1
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
343
From DOI or external metadata
343
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
1
105 / 343 (30.6%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 238 / 343 (69.4%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
8 / 343 (2.3%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 8 / 105 (7.6%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 2 / 272 (0.7%).
  1. Catherine E. Rice (2009). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, United States, 2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries. Volume 58, Number SS-10.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W204302352
    OpenAlex
  2. Deborah K. Anderson , Catherine Lord , Susan Risi , Pamela S. DiLavore , Cory Shulman , Audrey Thurm et al. (2007). Patterns of growth in verbal abilities among children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(4), 594-604. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.75.4.594 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2170416748
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Catherine Lord , Eric Schopler , Dennis Revicki (1982). Sex differences in autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 12(4), 317-330. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf01538320 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2022976804
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Victor Lotter (1966). Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children . Social Psychiatry, 1(3), 124-135. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf00584048 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1547319025
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Tony Attwood * (2007). The Complete Guide to Asperger’s Syndrome . Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.5040/9781805014300 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4403640964
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Rachel M Hiller , Robyn L Young , Nathan Weber (2016). Sex differences in pre-diagnosis concerns for children later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 20(1), 75-84. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361314568899 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2156654264
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Éric Fombonne (2005). Epidemiological Studies of Pervasive Developmental Disorders . In Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders: Diagnosis, development, neurobiology, and behavior (pp. 42-69). Wiley.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1002/9780470939345.ch2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1567578308
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Baio, J. (2012). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 Sites, United States, 2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries. Vol. 61, No. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  9. Katherine Gotham , Susan Risi , Andrew Pickles , Catherine Lord (2007). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: Revised Algorithms for Improved Diagnostic Validity . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(4), 613-627. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-006-0280-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1964011803
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Ryan Banach , Ann Thompson , Péter Szatmári , Jeremy Goldberg , Lawrence Tuff , Lonnie Zwaigenbaum et al. (2009). Brief Report: Relationship Between Non-verbal IQ and Gender in Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(1), 188-193. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-008-0612-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1987675098
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. Katherine Gotham , Andrew Pickles , Catherine Lord (2012). Trajectories of Autism Severity in Children Using Standardized ADOS Scores . Pediatrics, 130(5), e1278-e1284. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-3668 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1965364605
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Andy Itsara , Hao Wu , Joshua D. Smith , Deborah A. Nickerson , Isabelle Romieu , Stephanie J. London et al. (2010). De novo rates and selection of large copy number variation . Genome Research, 20(11), 1469-1481. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.1101/gr.107680.110 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2158959870
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Lorna Wing (1981). Sex ratios in early childhood autism and related conditions . Psychiatry Research, 5(2), 129-137. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(81)90043-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1969820613
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Patricia J. M. Van Wijngaarden-Cremers , Evelien van Eeten , Wouter B. Groen , Patricia A. Van Deurzen , Iris J. Oosterling , Rutger Jan Van der Gaag (2014). Gender and Age Differences in the Core Triad of Impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(3), 627-635. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1913-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2070034706
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Jonathan Sebat , B. Lakshmi , Dheeraj Malhotra , Jennifer Troge , Christa Lese-Martin , Tom Walsh et al. (2007). Strong Association of De Novo Copy Number Mutations with Autism . Science, 316(5823), 445-449. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1126/science.1138659 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1971321176
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Marjorie Solomon , Meghan Miller , Sandra L. Taylor , Stephen P. Hinshaw , Cameron S. Carter (2012). Autism Symptoms and Internalizing Psychopathology in Girls and Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(1), 48-59. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-011-1215-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2152334168
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Sally Ozonoff , Ana-Maria Iosif , Fam Baguio , Ian C. Cook , Monique Moore Hill , Ted Hutman et al. (2010). A Prospective Study of the Emergence of Early Behavioral Signs of Autism . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(3), 256-266.e2. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2009.11.009 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1976748406
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Catherine Lord , Michael Rutter , Ann Le Couteur (1994). Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(5), 659-685. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf02172145 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1980309199
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. A. J. Baxter , Traolach Brugha , H. E. Erskine , R. W. Scheurer , T. Vos , J. G. Scott (2015). The epidemiology and global burden of autism spectrum disorders . Psychological Medicine, 45(3), 601-613. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s003329171400172x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2171607710
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Birk Diedenhofen , Jochen Musch (2015). cocor: A Comprehensive Solution for the Statistical Comparison of Correlations . PLoS ONE, 10(4), e0121945. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121945 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1981244178
    Crossref OpenAlex
  26. Rebecca Landa , Elizabeth Garrett‐Mayer (2006). Development in infants with autism spectrum disorders: a prospective study . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(6), 629-638. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01531.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2118780982
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Sally M. Clifford , Cheryl Dissanayake (2008). The Early Development of Joint Attention in Infants with Autistic Disorder Using Home Video Observations and Parental Interview . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(5), 791-805. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-007-0444-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1985603644
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Sander Begeer , DAVID S. MANDELL , Bernadette Wijnker-Holmes , Stance Venderbosch , Dorien Rem , Fred Stekelenburg et al. (2013). Sex Differences in the Timing of Identification Among Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(5), 1151-1156. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1656-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1990581042
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Susan E. Bryson , Isabel M. Smith (1998). Epidemiology of autism: Prevalence, associated characteristics, and implications for research and service delivery . Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 4(2), 97-103. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2779(1998)4:2<97::aid-mrdd6>3.0.co;2-u OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2066933688
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Laura Hull , Will Mandy , K.V. Petrides (2017). Behavioural and cognitive sex/gender differences in autism spectrum condition and typically developing males and females . Autism, 21(6), 706-727. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361316669087 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2620634929
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Daniel B. Campbell , James S. Sutcliffe , Philip J. Ebert , Roberto Militerni , Carmela Bravaccio , Simona Trillo et al. (2006). A genetic variant that disrupts MET transcription is associated with autism . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(45), 16834-16839. National Academy of Sciences.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605296103 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2131073955
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Gunilla Westman Andersson , Christopher Gillberg , Carmela Miniscalco (2013). Pre-school children with suspected autism spectrum disorders: Do girls and boys have the same profiles? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(1), 413-422. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.08.025 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2078452450
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Lonnie Zwaigenbaum , Susan E. Bryson , Péter Szatmári , Jessica Brian , Isabel M. Smith , Wendy Roberts et al. (2012). Sex Differences in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Identified Within a High-Risk Infant Cohort . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(12), 2585-2596. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1515-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1996302459
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Alice S. Carter , David O. Black , Sonia Tewani , Christine E. Connolly , Mary Beth Kadlec , Helen Tager‐Flusberg (2007). Sex Differences in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(1), 86-97. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-006-0331-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2002767599
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. John D. McLennan , Catherine Lord , Eric Schopler (1993). Sex differences in higher functioning people with autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23(2), 217-227. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf01046216 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2030074761
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Tony Charman , Emma Taylor , Auriol Drew , Helen Cockerill , Jo‐Anne Brown , Gillian Baird (2005). Outcome at 7 years of children diagnosed with autism at age 2: predictive validity of assessments conducted at 2 and 3 years of age and pattern of symptom change over time . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(5), 500-513. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00377.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2036379035
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Will Mandy , Rebecca Chilvers , Uttom Chowdhury , Gemma Salter , Anna Seigal , David Skuse (2012). Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evidence from a Large Sample of Children and Adolescents . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(7), 1304-1313. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-011-1356-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2011286893
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. Katarzyna Chawarska , Suzanne Macari , Kelly Powell , Lauren DiNicola , Frederick Shic (2016). Enhanced Social Attention in Female Infant Siblings at Risk for Autism . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(3), 188-195.e1. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.11.016 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2211975889
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Robyn L. Young , Neil Brewer , Clare Pattison (2003). Parental Identification of Early Behavioural Abnormalities in Children with Autistic Disorder . Autism, 7(2), 125-143. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361303007002002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2013454865
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Susan L. Christian , Camille W. Brune , Jyotsna Sudi , Ravinesh A. Kumar , Shaung Liu , Samer Karamohamed et al. (2008). Novel Submicroscopic Chromosomal Abnormalities Detected in Autism Spectrum Disorder . Biological Psychiatry, 63(12), 1111-1117. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.01.009 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2087276835
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. Rebecca Sutherland , Antoinette Hodge , Susan Bruck , Debra Costley , Helen Klieve (2017). Parent-reported differences between school-aged girls and boys on the autism spectrum . Autism, 21(6), 785-794. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361316668653 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2595384309
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Martin Holtmann , Sven Bölte , Fritz Poustka (2007). Autism spectrum disorders: sex differences in autistic behaviour domains and coexisting psychopathology . Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49(5), 361-366. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00361.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2014770315
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Megan L. E. Clark , Josephine Barbaro * , Cheryl Dissanayake (2017). Continuity and Change in Cognition and Autism Severity from Toddlerhood to School Age . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(2), 328-339. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2954-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2549442788
    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Catherine Lord , Rhiannon Luyster , Whitney Guthrie , Andrew Pickles (2012). Patterns of developmental trajectories in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(3), 477-489. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/a0027214 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2022069611
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. Svenny Kopp , Christopher Gillberg (1992). Girls with social deficits and learning problems: Autism, atypical Asperger syndrome or a variant of these conditions . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1(2), 89-99. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf02091791 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2057984091
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. Luke Y. Tsai , Jean M. Beisler (1983). The Development of Sex Differences in Infantile Autism . British Journal of Psychiatry, 142(4), 373-378. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/bjp.142.4.373 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2028177243
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Megan Sipes , Johnny L. Matson , Julie A. Worley , Alison M. Kozlowski (2011). Gender differences in symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders in toddlers . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(4), 1465-1470. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2011.02.007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2154980329
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Éric Fombonne (2009). Epidemiology of Pervasive Developmental Disorders . Pediatric Research, 65(6), 591-598. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31819e7203 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2143333975
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. Tessa Taylor Rivet , Johnny L. Matson (2011). Review of gender differences in core symptomatology in autism spectrum disorders . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(3), 957-976. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.12.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2068847942
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  50. Katherine Gotham , Andrew Pickles , Catherine Lord (2009). Standardizing ADOS Scores for a Measure of Severity in Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(5), 693-705. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-008-0674-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2129516277
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Kaustubh Supekar , Vinod Menon (2015). Sex differences in structural organization of motor systems and their dissociable links with repetitive/restricted behaviors in children with autism . Molecular Autism, 6(1), 50. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0042-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2161814901
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Sharon Bradley-Johnson (1997). Mullen Scales of Early Learning . Psychology in the Schools, 34(4), 379-382. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6807(199710)34:4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2037716870
    OpenAlex
  53. Vanessa P. Reinhardt , Amy M. Wetherby , Christopher Schatschneider , Catherine Lord (2015). Examination of Sex Differences in a Large Sample of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typical Development . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(3), 697-706. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2223-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2048111121
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. the Victorian ASELCC Team , Giacomo Vivanti , Jessica Paynter , Ed Duncan , Hannah Fothergill , Cheryl Dissanayake et al. (2014). Effectiveness and Feasibility of the Early Start Denver Model Implemented in a Group-Based Community Childcare Setting . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(12), 3140-3153. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2168-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2039237134
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Sigan L. Hartley , Darryn M. Sikora (2009). Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Examination of Developmental Functioning, Autistic Symptoms, and Coexisting Behavior Problems in Toddlers . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(12), 1715-1722. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-009-0810-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2073080592
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  56. JULIE A. OSTERLING , Géraldine Dawson , JEFFREY A. MUNSON (2002). Early recognition of 1-year-old infants with autism spectrum disorder versus mental retardation . Development and Psychopathology, 14(2), 239-251. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0954579402002031 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2167872172
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Alexandra M Head , Jane A McGillivray , Mark A Stokes (2014). Gender differences in emotionality and sociability in children with autism spectrum disorders . Molecular Autism, 5(1), 19. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-5-19 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2107817359
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  58. David H. Skuse , Will Mandy , Colin Steer , Laura L. Miller , Robert Goodman , Kate Lawrence et al. (2009). Social Communication Competence and Functional Adaptation in a General Population of Children: Preliminary Evidence for Sex-by-Verbal IQ Differential Risk . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(2), 128-137. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e31819176b8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2136056816
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  59. Rachel M. Hiller , Robyn L. Young , Nathan Weber (2014). Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder based on DSM-5 Criteria: Evidence from Clinician and Teacher Reporting . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(8), 1381-1393. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9881-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2077948545
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  60. Vanessa Hus , Katherine Gotham , Catherine Lord (2014). Standardizing ADOS Domain Scores: Separating Severity of Social Affect and Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(10), 2400-2412. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1719-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2051230880
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  61. Will Mandy , Kate Tchanturia (2015). Do women with eating disorders who have social and flexibility difficulties really have autism? A case series . Molecular Autism, 6(1), 6. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-6-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2103717755
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  62. Fred R. Volkmar , Péter Szatmári , Sara S. Sparrow (1993). Sex differences in pervasive developmental disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23(4), 579-591. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf01046103 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2069605278
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. Meng-Chuan Lai , Michael Lombardo , Greg Pasco , Amber Ruigrok , Sally J. Wheelwright , Susan A. Sadek et al. (2011). A Behavioral Comparison of Male and Female Adults with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Conditions . PLoS ONE, 6(6), e20835. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020835 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2148661798
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  64. Catherine Lord , Susan Risi , Linda Lambrecht , Edwin H. Cook , Bennett L. Leventhal , Pamela C. DiLavore et al. (2000). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Generic: A Standard Measure of Social and Communication Deficits Associated with the Spectrum of Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 205-223. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1005592401947 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2144446993
    Crossref OpenAlex
  65. Agnieszka Rynkiewicz , Björn Schuller , Erik Marchi , Stefano Piana , Antonio Camurri , Amandine Lassalle et al. (2016). An investigation of the ‘female camouflage effect’ in autism using a computerized ADOS-2 and a test of sex/gender differences . Molecular Autism, 7(1), 10. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-016-0073-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2285089828
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  66. Valentina Postorino , Laura Maria Fatta , Lavinia De Peppo , Giulia Giovagnoli , Marco Armando , Stefano Vicari et al. (2015). Longitudinal comparison between male and female preschool children with autism spectrum disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(7), 2046-2055. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2366-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2091266264
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  67. Catherine Lord (2012). Autism diagnostic observation schedule . Autism diagnostic observation schedule.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  68. Stacy Shumway , Cristan Farmer , Audrey Thurm , Lisa Joseph , David Black , Christine Golden (2012). The ADOS Calibrated Severity Score: Relationship to Phenotypic Variables and Stability over Time . Autism Research, 5(4), 267-276. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.1238 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2123735324
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  70. EM Mullen (1995). Mullen scales of early learning . Mullen scales of early learning.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  71. Birk Diedenhofen , Jochen Musch (2015). cocor: A Comprehensive Solution for the Statistical Comparison of Correlations . PLOS ONE, 10(4), e0121945. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121945 10.1371/journal.pone.0131499
    OpenCitations
  72. Lori‐Ann R. Sacrey , Lonnie Zwaigenbaum , Péter Szatmári , Susan Bryson , Stelios Georgiades , Jessica Brian et al. (2017). Brief Report: Characteristics of preschool children with ASD vary by ascertainment . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(5), 1542-1550. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3062-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2589995816
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  73. Karen McKenzie (2007). The Complete Guide to Asperger’s Syndrome . Learning Disability Practice, 10(2), 26-27. RCN Publishing Ltd..
    Type: Article DOI: 10.7748/ldp.10.2.26.s17 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2290350210
    OpenAlex
  74. The Victorian ASELCC Team , Giacomo Vivanti , Cheryl Dissanayake (2016). Outcome for Children Receiving the Early Start Denver Model Before and After 48 Months . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(7), 2441-2449. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2777-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2324499091
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  75. Catherine Lord , Michael Rutter , Susan Goode , Jacquelyn Heemsbergen , Heather Jordan , Lynn Mawhood et al. (2016). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule . PsycTESTS Dataset. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Dataset DOI: 10.1037/t54175-000 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2914608742
    OpenAlex
  76. So Hyun Kim , Catherine Lord (2018). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule . In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 1-6). Springer International Publishing.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1520-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4245291020
    OpenAlex
  77. Evon Batey Lee (2021). Mullen Scales of Early Learning . In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders (pp. 3024-3029). Springer International Publishing.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_596 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4255848574
    OpenAlex
  78. (2007). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders--autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 14 sites, United States, 2002. PubMed, 56(1), 12-28.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4298357390
    OpenAlex
  79. (2012). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders--Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 sites, United States, 2008. PubMed, 61(3), 1-19.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4300998128
    OpenAlex