Camouflaging in neurodivergent and neurotypical girls at the transition to adolescence and its relationship to mental health: A participatory methods research study

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McKinney, A., O’Brien, S., Maybin, J. A., Chan, S. W. Y., Richer, S., & Rhodes, S. (2024). Camouflaging in neurodivergent and neurotypical girls at the transition to adolescence and its relationship to mental health: A participatory methods research study. JCPP Advances, 4(4), e12294-e12294. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcv2.12294

Publication date: 1 Dec 2024 Added to AutiHub: 12 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
6
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 6 (16.7%)
  1. Ailbhe McKinney
  2. Sarah O’Brien *
  3. Jacqueline A. Maybin
  1. Stella W. Y. Chan
  2. Simone Richer
  3. Sinead Rhodes

Abstract

Abstract Background Adolescent girls with diagnoses of autism, ADHD and/or developmental coordination disorder (DCD) are at higher risk for mental health problems than boys with the same diagnoses and neurotypical girls. These girls are called neurodivergent here, though neurodivergence includes a broader range of diagnoses. One possible reason for this mental health disparity could be camouflaging, a coping strategy used more by girls. Camouflaging is when the individual pretends to be neurotypical, often involving substantial effort. This study aims to understand: (a) if the use of camouflaging has started by early adolescence, (b) how components of camouflaging (assimilation, masking, and compensation) present at this age, (c) if age predicts camouflaging and (d) what is the relationship with mental health. Methods Participatory methods: A co‐production team of 15 adult neurodivergent women co‐produced the project and ranked camouflaging as their most important research theme. Main Study: Participants were 119 girls (70 neurodivergent, 49 neurotypical) aged 11–14 years. A transdiagnostic approach was adopted and the neurodivergent group had a diagnosis of autism, ADHD and/or DCD. Girls completed self‐report measures of camouflaging, anxiety, and depression in an online meeting with a researcher. Results Neurodivergent and neurotypical girls presented similarly on two components of camouflaging namely masking and compensation, components related to presenting in a socially acceptable way and mimicry. Groups differed on the assimilation component, which is related to trying to fit in and involves the feelings of pretending/acting. Age had a medium effect on camouflaging with higher levels of camouflaging observed in older girls. Camouflaging scores strongly predicted anxiety and depression scores in both groups. Conclusions The use of camouflaging, specifically assimilation, is evident in a transdiagnostic sample of 11–14 year old neurodivergent girls. Importantly, the strong relationship between camouflaging and poor mental health is present at this early age, substantiating the co‐production team's insights.

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Cited references
83
With a DOI
75
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
8
13 / 83 (15.7%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
5 / 83 (6.0%)
References with detected author names
78 / 83 (94.0%)
Without detected author names
5
Without a structured title
4
Without a stable identifier
8
References with raw author names still to review
3
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
411
From DOI or external metadata
411
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
3
173 / 411 (42.1%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 238 / 411 (57.9%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
25 / 411 (6.1%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 25 / 173 (14.5%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 22 / 334 (6.6%).
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