Exploring autistic adults’ psychosocial experiences affecting beginnings, continuity and change in camouflaging over time: A qualitative study in Singapore

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Loo, B. R. Y., Teo, T. J. Y., Liang, M. J., Leong, D. j., Tan, D., Zhuang, S., Hull, L., Livingston, L. A., Mandy, W., Happé, F., & Magiati, I. (2023). Exploring autistic adults’ psychosocial experiences affecting beginnings, continuity and change in camouflaging over time: A qualitative study in Singapore. Autism, 28(3), 627-643. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613231180075

Publication date: 10 Jun 2023 Added to AutiHub: 22 Aug 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
11
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 11 (9.1%)
  1. Beatrice Rui Yi Loo
  2. Truman Jing Yang Teo
  3. Melanie Jiamin Liang
  4. Dawn-joy Leong *
  1. Diana Tan
  2. Sici Zhuang
  3. Laura Hull
  4. Lucy A Livingston
  1. William Mandy
  2. Francesca Happé
  3. Iliana Magiati

Abstract

Camouflaging (or otherwise referred to as masking or passing) involves hiding one’s autistic-related characteristics and differences to get by in social situations in predominantly non-autistic societies. Very little is known to date about the course of camouflaging motivations and strategies over time or the psychosocial factors that may influence autistic people’s camouflaging choices and trajectories. In an exploratory qualitative study within an Asian sociocultural context, we interviewed 11 Singaporean autistic adults (9 males, 2 females, aged 22–45 years) about their camouflaging experiences to better understand (1) their camouflaging motivations and strategies over time, and (2) related psychosocial influences. Organised across four phases (pre-camouflaging, beginnings, continuity and change over time), 17 themes relating to camouflaging motivations and 8 themes relating to strategies were identified. The earliest camouflaging motivations were predominantly relational, linked to a negative self-identity that had been shaped by adverse social experiences. Camouflaging strategies became increasingly complex and integrated into one’s sense of self over time. Our findings highlight the role of psychosocial pressures precipitating camouflaging and emphasise the need for individual and societal changes, including moving towards enhanced acceptance and inclusion to reduce psychosocial pressures on autistic people to camouflage. Lay Abstract Over their lifetimes, many autistic people learn to camouflage (hide or mask) their autism-related differences to forge relationships, find work and live independently in largely non-autistic societies. Autistic adults have described camouflaging as a ‘lifetime of conditioning... to act normal’ involving ‘years of effort’, suggesting that camouflaging develops over an autistic person’s lifetime and may start early on, in childhood or adolescence. Yet, we know very little about why and how autistic people start to camouflage, or why and how their camouflaging behaviours continue or change over time. We interviewed 11 Singaporean autistic adults (9 male, 2 female, 22–45 years old) who shared their camouflaging experiences. We found that autistic adults’ earliest motivations to camouflage were largely related to the desire to fit in and connect with others. They also camouflaged to avoid difficult social experiences (such as being teased or bullied). Autistic adults shared that their camouflaging behaviours became more complex and that, for some, camouflaging became a part of their self-identity over time. Our findings suggest that society should not pathologise autistic differences, but instead accept and include autistic people, to reduce the pressure on autistic people to hide who they truly are.

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Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 17 Oct 2026 01:27.

Cited references
82
With a DOI
78
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
3
12 / 82 (14.6%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
2 / 82 (2.4%)
References with detected author names
80 / 82 (97.6%)
Without detected author names
2
Without a structured title
1
Without a stable identifier
3
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
375
From DOI or external metadata
375
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
2
169 / 375 (45.1%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 206 / 375 (54.9%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
17 / 375 (4.5%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 17 / 169 (10.1%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 14 / 298 (4.7%).
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