Considerations from a pilot study: Informing future research on gender and sexuality diverse autistic students' perspectives of Internet threats

Stone, B. G., Saggers, B., Leent, L. v., Yates, C., & Aberdein, R. (2026). Considerations from a pilot study: Informing future research on gender and sexuality diverse autistic students' perspectives of Internet threats. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 26(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.70149

Publication date: 3 Aug 2026 Added to AutiHub: 5 Aug 2026 Type: Article Article language: English

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
5
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 5 (20.0%)

Abstract

Abstract Autistic students often face unique challenges related to Internet threats. When intersected with gender and sexuality diversity, challenges can compound and lead to increased risk of bullying, discrimination, marginalisation and exclusion. Although there is an intersection between autism and gender and sexuality diversity, the voices of gender and sexuality diverse autistic students about Internet threats remain an underexplored research area. Most studies have focused on neurotypical, heterosexual and cis‐gender students or addressed autism, sexuality and gender separately. This paper builds on findings from a recent exploratory pilot study offering new empirical insight into autistic perceived Internet threats—an area currently underrepresented in inclusive education and digital safety. This paper presents considerations from the exploratory pilot study to inform future research on gender and sexuality diverse autistic students' perspectives on Internet threats. The pilot study engaged with autistic voices and employed a D/discourse theoretical framework, the Inclusive New Literacies and 4 CO:RE Classification of Online Risk to Children frameworks when interpreting the data. Recommendations may inform educators, parents/carers, policy‐makers and practitioners regarding appropriate Internet safety education to promote positive and safe online learning experiences of gender and sexuality diverse autistic students who are a population with unique neurodiversity, identities and experiences.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Bibliography inclusion overview

These indicators describe the cited bibliography imported for this publication. Cited-reference metrics use the cited-reference total as denominator. Cited-author metrics state whether they use all cited-author occurrences or only occurrences linked to authors already integrated in the AutiHub database. They use cached links between cited authors and authors integrated in the AutiHub database. Last computed: 16 Aug 2026 11:31.

Cited references
137
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
12 / 137 (8.8%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
15 / 410 (3.7%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 15 / 112 (13.4%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 13 / 390 (3.3%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
112 / 410 (27.3%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 99 / 390 (25.4%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
97 / 112 (86.6%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 97 / 410 (23.7%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 86 / 99 (86.9%).
4 cited bibliography entries could not be fully enriched from DOI metadata.
Crossref: not found (2) · DataCite: not found (2)
  1. Jacqueline Moodley , Lauren Graham (2015). The importance of intersectionality in disability and gender studies . Agenda, 29(2), 24-33. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  2. Abdulla L.Z. (2025). Students' Online Risk Behaviors: Psychoeducational Predictors, Outcomes, and Prevention . Students' Online Risk Behaviors: Psychoeducational Predictors, Outcomes, and Prevention, 48.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  3. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology . Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  4. Roberto L. Abreu , Maureen C. Kenny (2018). Cyberbullying and LGBTQ Youth: A Systematic Literature Review and Recommendations for Prevention and Intervention . Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 11(1), 81-97. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  5. Nancy Bagatell (2007). Orchestrating voices: autism, identity and the power of discourse . Disability & Society, 22(4), 413-426. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  6. Norah Adera (2024). Innovative Learning Spaces and Blended Learning . In Creating Dynamic Space in Higher Education: Modern Shifts in Policy, Competencies, and Governance (pp. 139-174). IGI Global.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  7. Harry Torrance (2012). Triangulation, Respondent Validation, and Democratic Participation in Mixed Methods Research . Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 6(2), 111-123. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  8. Hajer Al-Faham , Angelique M. Davis , Rose Ernst (2019). Intersectionality: From Theory to Practice . Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 15(1), 247-265. Annual Reviews.
    Crossref
  9. Jennifer Fereday , Eimear Muir-Cochrane (2006). Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development . International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80-92. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  10. Naseem Alhujaili , Elyse Platt , Sarosh Khalid-Khan , Dianne Groll (2022). Comparison of Social Media Use Among Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Non-ASD Adolescents . Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, Volume 13, 15-21. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  11. Caitlin Harrington , Michele Foster , Sylvia Rodger , Jill Ashburner (2014). Engaging young people with A utism S pectrum D isorder in research interviews . British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42(2), 153-161. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  12. Clare Sarah Allely (2020). Contributory role of autism spectrum disorder symptomology to the viewing of indecent images of children (IIOC) and the experience of the criminal justice system . Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 11(3), 171-189. Emerald.
    Crossref
  13. Mark T. Palermo , Stefan Bogaerts (2017). Violent Fantasies in Young Men With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Dangerous or Miserable Misfits? Duty to Protect Whom? International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 61(9), 959-974. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  14. Garazi Álvarez-Guerrero , Deborah Fry , Mengyao Lu , Konstantinos Kosmas Gaitis (2024). Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse of Children and Adolescents with Disabilities: A Systematic Review . Disabilities, 4(2), 264-276. MDPI AG.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  15. Linda Birt , Suzanne Scott , Debbie Cavers , Christine Campbell , Fiona Walter (2016). Member Checking . Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1802-1811. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  16. Faiz Fatihul 'Alwan , Tuti Azizah , Ridha Fauzia Rimuna (2022). Children’s positive feelings at school during post-pandemic COVID-19: An exploratory research with photo elicitation interview . INSPIRA: Indonesian Journal of Psychological Research, 3(2), 71-78. IAIN Langsa.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  17. Samantha Bates (2017). Revenge Porn and Mental Health . Feminist Criminology, 12(1), 22-42. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  18. American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  19. Ana Radovic , Theresa Gmelin , Bradley D. Stein , Elizabeth Miller (2017). Depressed adolescents' positive and negative use of social media . Journal of Adolescence, 55(1), 5-15. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  20. Anderson M.&Jiang J. (2018)Teens social media and technology 2018. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/05/31/teens‐social‐media‐technology‐2018/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  21. William D. Graf , Geoffrey Miller , Leon G. Epstein , Isabelle Rapin (2017). The autism “epidemic” . Neurology, 88(14), 1371-1380. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Crossref OpenAlex
  22. Ashley Austin , Shelley L. Craig , Nicole Navega , Lauren B. McInroy (2020). It’s my safe space: The life-saving role of the internet in the lives of transgender and gender diverse youth . International Journal of Transgender Health, 21(1), 33-44. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  23. Liliana Cuesta Medina , Cristina Hennig Manzuoli , Lady Adriana Duque , Sayana Malfasi (2020). Cyberbullying: tackling the silent enemy . International Journal of Inclusive Education, 24(9), 936-947. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  24. Marie Bedrosova , Vojtech Mylek , Lenka Dedkova , Anca Velicu (2023). Who Is Searching for Cyberhate? Adolescents' Characteristics Associated with Intentional or Unintentional Exposure to Cyberhate . Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 26(7), 462-471. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  25. Pieta Shakes , Andrew Cashin (2019). Identifying Language for People on the Autism Spectrum: A Scoping Review . Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 40(4), 317-325. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  26. Benham J. (2015)Proud to be autistic: metaphorical construction and salience of cultural and personal identity in #StopCombatingMe. Minnesota State University. https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds/420/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  27. Kentaro Kawabe , Fumie Horiuchi , Tomoe Miyama , Toshihiro Jogamoto , Kaori Aibara , Eiichi Ishii et al. (2019). Internet addiction and attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 89, 22-28. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  28. Ashleigh Hillier , Nicholas Gallop , Eva Mendes , Dylan Tellez , Abigail Buckingham , Afreen Nizami et al. (2020). LGBTQ + and autism spectrum disorder: Experiences and challenges . International Journal of Transgender Health, 21(1), 98-110. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  29. Matthew N. Berger , Melody Taba , Jennifer L. Marino , Megan S. C. Lim , Spring Chenoa Cooper , Larissa Lewis et al. (2021). Social media’s role in support networks among LGBTQ adolescents: a qualitative study . Sexual Health, 18(5), 421-431. CSIRO Publishing.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1071/sh21110 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3208712535
    Crossref OpenAlex
  30. Catherine Butler , Richard Joiner , Richard Bradley , Mark Bowles , Aaron Bowes , Claire Russell et al. (2019). Self-harm prevalence and ideation in a community sample of cis, trans and other youth . International Journal of Transgenderism, 20(4), 447-458. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  31. Matthew N Berger , Melody Taba , Jennifer L Marino , Megan S C Lim , S Rachel Skinner (2022). Social Media Use and Health and Well-being of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Youth: Systematic Review . Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(9), e38449. JMIR Publications Inc..
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2196/38449 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4293439969
    Crossref OpenAlex
  32. Chandra Lebenhagen (2020). Including Speaking and Nonspeaking Autistic Voice in Research . Autism in Adulthood, 2(2), 128-131. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  33. Ellen Selkie , Victoria Adkins , Ellie Masters , Anita Bajpai , Daniel E. Shumer (2020). Transgender Adolescents' Uses of Social Media for Social Support . Journal of Adolescent Health, 66(3), 275-280. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  34. Laura Bitto Urbanova , Andrea Madarasova Geckova , Zuzana Dankulincova Veselska , Silvia Capikova , Jana Holubcikova , Jitse P. van Dijk et al. (2023). Technology supports me: Perceptions of the benefits of digital technology in adolescents . Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 970395-970395. Frontiers Media SA.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  35. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… (2019). Everyday ableism and hate speech . In Disability hate speech: Social, cultural and political contexts (pp. 110-115). Routledge.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.4324/9780429201813-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2991419862
  36. M. Alex Wagaman , Keith J. Watts , Vee Lamneck , Sandra A. D'Souza , Lauren B. McInroy , Andrew D. Eaton et al. (2020). Managing stressors online and offline: LGBTQ+ Youth in the Southern United States . Children and Youth Services Review, 110, 104799. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  37. Anne-Linda Camerini , Laura Marciano , Anna Carrara , Peter J. Schulz (2020). Cyberbullying perpetration and victimization among children and adolescents: A systematic review of longitudinal studies . Telematics and Informatics, 49, 101362. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  38. Cyril Brom , Anna Yaghobová , Anna Drobná , Marek Urban (2023). ‘The internet is in the satellites!’: A systematic review of 3–15-year-olds’ conceptions about the internet . Education and Information Technologies, 28(11), 14639-14668. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  39. luke gaspard (2020). Australian high school students and their Internet use: perceptions of opportunities versus ‘problematic situations’ . Children Australia, 45(1), 54-63. The Centre for Excellence in Child and Family Welfare.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  40. Mark Brosnan , Samantha Holt , Nicola Yuill , Judith Good , Sarah Parsons (2017). Beyond autism and technology: lessons from neurodiverse populations . Journal of Enabling Technologies, 11(2), 43-48. Emerald.
    Crossref
  41. Ludivine Brunissen , Eli Rapoport , Katarzyna Chawarska , Andrew Adesman (2021). Sex Differences in Gender‐Diverse Expressions and Identities among Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Autism Research, 14(1), 143-155. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2441 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3111931304
    Crossref OpenAlex
  42. Mariya Stoilova , Sonia Livingstone , Rishita Nandagiri (2020). Digital by Default: Children’s Capacity to Understand and Manage Online Data and Privacy . Media and Communication, 8(4), 197-207. Cogitatio.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  43. Simon M. Bury , Rachel Jellett , Alex Haschek , Michael Wenzel , Darren Hedley , Jennifer R. Spoor (2023). Understanding language preference: Autism knowledge, experience of stigma and autism identity . Autism, 27(6), 1588-1600. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  44. Alex Kumi-Yeboah , Anthony Sallar , Lydiah Kananu Kiramba , Yanghyun Kim (2020). Exploring the Use of Digital Technologies from the Perspective of Diverse Learners in Online Learning Environments . Online Learning, 24(4). The Online Learning Consortium.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  45. Francesco Craig , Flaviana Tenuta , Andrea De Giacomo , Antonio Trabacca , Angela Costabile (2021). A systematic review of problematic video-game use in people with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 82, 101726. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  46. ANNA CARASTATHIS (2016). Intersectionality . UNP - Nebraska.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  47. Elizabeth McGhee Hassrick , Laura Graham Holmes , Collette Sosnowy , Jessica Walton , Kathleen Carley (2021). Benefits and Risks: A Systematic Review of Information and Communication Technology Use by Autistic People . Autism in Adulthood, 3(1), 72-84. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  48. Sonia Carcelén‐García , Oliver Carrero Márquez , Myriam Durán Vilches (2026). Online Risk Behaviours Among Adolescents: Identifying Areas of Digital Vulnerability . Children & Society, 40(3), 474-488. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  49. Erin A Vogel , Danielle E Ramo , Judith J Prochaska , Meredith C Meacham , John F Layton , Gary L Humfleet (2021). Problematic Social Media Use in Sexual and Gender Minority Young Adults: Observational Study . JMIR Mental Health, 8(5), e23688. JMIR Publications Inc..
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2196/23688 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3165316270
    Crossref OpenAlex
  50. Douglas E. Comer (2018). The Internet Book . Chapman and Hall/CRC.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  51. Michelle Cleary , Sancia West , Rachel Kornhaber , Catherine Hungerford (2023). Autism, Discrimination and Masking: Disrupting a Recipe for Trauma . Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 44(9), 799-808. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  52. Kathy A. Mills , Bessie G. Stone (2020). Multimodal Attitude in Digital Composition: Appraisal in Elementary English . Research in the Teaching of English, 55(2), 160-186. National Council of Teachers of English.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  53. Shana R. Cohen , Kohrissa Joseph , Sarah Levinson , Jan Blacher , Abbey Eisenhower (2022). “My Autism Is My Own”: Autistic Identity and Intersectionality in the School Context . Autism in Adulthood, 4(4), 315-327. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  54. Connor Tom Keating (2021). Participatory Autism Research: How Consultation Benefits Everyone . Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 713982-713982. Frontiers Media SA.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  55. Valérie Courchesne , Rackeb Tesfaye , Pat Mirenda , David Nicholas , Wendy Mitchell , Ilina Singh et al. (2022). Autism Voices: A novel method to access first-person perspective of autistic youth . Autism, 26(5), 1123-1136. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  56. Cooper B. (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory . The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory, 385.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  57. Karri Gillespie‐Smith , Gillian Hendry , Nicole Anduuru , Tracey Laird , Carrie Ballantyne (2021). Using social media to be ‘social’: Perceptions of social media benefits and risk by autistic young people, and parents . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 118, 104081. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  58. Kate Cooper , Catherine Butler , Ailsa Russell , Will Mandy (2023). The lived experience of gender dysphoria in autistic young people: a phenomenological study with young people and their parents . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(9), 1655-1666. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  59. Elizabeth M Weir , Carrie Allison , Simon Baron-Cohen (2021). The sexual health, orientation, and activity of autistic adolescents and adults . Autism Research, 14(11), 2342-2354. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2604 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3199419134
    Crossref OpenAlex
  60. Amy E. Green , Myeshia N. Price , Sam H. Dorison (2022). Cumulative minority stress and suicide risk among LGBTQ youth . American Journal of Community Psychology, 69(1-2), 157-168. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  61. Lucija Vejmelka , Roberta Matković (2021). Online Interactions and Problematic Internet Use of Croatian Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic . Information, 12(10), 399. MDPI AG.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  62. Abel Fekadu Dadi , Berihun A Dachew , Gizachew A Tessema (2024). Problematic internet use: A growing concern for adolescent health and well-being in a digital era . Journal of Global Health, 14, 03034-03034. International Society of Global Health.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  63. Nathan V. Mallipeddi , Rachel A. VanDaalen (2022). Intersectionality Within Critical Autism Studies: A Narrative Review . Autism in Adulthood, 4(4), 281-289. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  64. Jessica N. Rocheleau , Sonia Chiasson (2022). Privacy and Safety on Social Networking Sites: Autistic and Non-Autistic Teenagers’ Attitudes and Behaviors . ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 29(1), 1-39. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1145/3469859 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4206556033
    Crossref OpenAlex
  65. Jeroen Dewinter , H. De Graaf , Sander Begeer (2017). Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Romantic Relationships in Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(9), 2927-2934. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  66. Tania Ferfolja , Jacqueline Ullman (2020). Gender and Sexuality Diversity in a Culture of Limitation . Routledge.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  67. Thiago Dias Oliva , Dennys Marcelo Antonialli , Alessandra Gomes (2021). Fighting Hate Speech, Silencing Drag Queens? Artificial Intelligence in Content Moderation and Risks to LGBTQ Voices Online . Sexuality & Culture, 25(2), 700-732. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  68. James Paul Gee (2014). An Introduction to Discourse Analysis . Routledge.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  69. (n.d.). Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth) 135. Federal Register of Legislation. https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00130
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  70. eSafety Commissioner. (2023)Online hate and discrimination. https://www.esafety.gov.au/lgbtiq/learning‐lounge/dealing‐with‐online‐abuse/online‐hate‐discrimination
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  71. Sophie Evelyn , Elizabeth M. Clancy , Bianca Klettke , Ruth Tatnell (2022). A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6560. MDPI AG.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  72. Feierabend S. Rathgeb T. Kheredmand H.&Glöckler S. (2021)Youth information media. Baseline study on media use among 12‐ to 19‐year‐olds. Medienpädagogischer Forschungsverbund Südwest. https://www.mpfs.de/studien/jim‐studie/2023/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  73. Kirsty Macmillan , Tessa Berg , Mike Just , Mary E. Stewart (2022). Online safety experiences of autistic young people: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 96, 101995. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  74. Fraser N. (1989). Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse, and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory . Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse, and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  75. Fraser N. (2020). Fortunes of Feminism: From State‐Managed Capitalism to Neoliberal Crisis . Fortunes of Feminism: From State‐Managed Capitalism to Neoliberal Crisis.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  76. Kevin Proudfoot (2023). Inductive/Deductive Hybrid Thematic Analysis in Mixed Methods Research . Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 17(3), 308-326. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  77. Gee J.P. (2004). Situated Language and Learning: A Critique of Traditional Schooling . Situated Language and Learning: A Critique of Traditional Schooling.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  78. Bessie G. Stone , Beth Saggers (2023). Autism, literacies, and social communication: a framework of inclusive new literacies . In International Encyclopedia of Education (pp. 434-447). Elsevier.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  79. Gee J.P. (2015). Unified Discourse Analysis: Language, Reality, Virtual Worlds, and Video Games . Unified Discourse Analysis: Language, Reality, Virtual Worlds, and Video Games.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  80. Valeria Khudiakova , Alison L. Chasteen (2022). The Experiences of Stigmatization and Discrimination in Autistic People of Different Genders and Sexualities . Journal of Interpersonal Relations, Intergroup Relations and Identity, 15, 15. JIRIRI.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  81. Global Kids Online. (2016)Research toolkit qualitative guide. http://globalkidsonline.net/wp‐content/uploads/2016/04/Qualitative‐toolkit‐guide‐final‐26‐Oct‐16.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  82. Igor A. Kostin (2022). Internet Safety for Schoolchildren and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Vulnerability and Areas of Assistance . In Education of Children With Special Needs (pp. 11-18). Springer International Publishing.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  83. Handford M.&Gee J. P. (2023)The Routledge Handbook of discourse analysis 2nd edition. New York NY USA:Routledge.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  84. Alexandra Masciantonio , David Bourguignon (2023). Motivation Scale for Using Social Network Sites: Comparative Study between Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat and LinkedIn . Psychologica Belgica, 63(1), 30-43. Ubiquity Press, Ltd..
    Type: Article DOI: 10.5334/pb.1161 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4364861859
    Crossref OpenAlex
  85. Lena Herrmann , Carola Bindt , Sarah Hohmann , Inga Becker-Hebly (2024). Social media use and experiences among transgender and gender diverse adolescents . International Journal of Transgender Health, 25(1), 36-49. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  86. Yujin Jang , Bomin Ko (2023). Online Safety for Children and Youth under the 4Cs Framework—A Focus on Digital Policies in Australia, Canada, and the UK . Children, 10(8), 1415. MDPI AG.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  87. Nosheen Shahzadi , Johari Surif (2023). New literacies: Multimodal and social orientation of ‘new’ in secondary science classrooms . Cogent Education, 10(2). Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  88. Holfeld B. (2019). Traditional and cyber bullying and victimization among youth with autism spectrum disorder: An investigation of the frequency, characteristics, and psychosocial correlates . Journal on Developmental Disabilities, 24(2), 61.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  89. Neha Jain (2021). Survey Versus Interviews: Comparing Data Collection Tools for Exploratory Research . The Qualitative Report. Nova Southeastern University.
    Crossref
  90. Yu Zhang , Pengfei Qin (2023). Comprehensive Review: Understanding Adolescent Identity . Studies in Psychological Science, 1(2), 17-31. Paradigm Academic Press Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  91. Tomás R. Jiménez , Marlene Orozco (2021). Prompts, Not Questions: Four Techniques for Crafting Better Interview Protocols . Qualitative Sociology, 44(4), 507-528. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  92. Kyle Jozsa , Ashley Kraus , Aaron K. Korpak , Jeremy Birnholtz , David A. Moskowitz , Kathryn Macapagal (2021). “Safe Behind My Screen”: Adolescent Sexual Minority Males’ Perceptions of Safety and Trustworthiness on Geosocial and Social Networking Apps . Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(7), 2965-2980. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  93. Aimilia Kallitsounaki , David M. Williams (2023). Autism Spectrum Disorder and Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence. A systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(8), 3103-3117. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  94. Arkaitz Lareki , Fernando Fraga-Varela , Juan-Ignacio Martínez-de-Morentin (2024). Adolescents and negligent social media use . Technology in Society, 78, 102623. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  95. Ellen Van Houtven , Desiree Schmuck (2025). Adolescents as Vulnerable Population in the Online Environment . In Research Methods for the Marginalised (pp. 296-308). Routledge.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  96. Donna Koller , Kevin P. Stoddart (2021). Approaches that Address Social Inclusion for Children with Disabilities: A Critical Review . Child & Youth Care Forum, 50(4), 679-699. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  97. Kosciw J. G. Clark C. M. Truong N. L.&Zongrone A. D. (2020)The 2019 National School Climate Survey: the experiences of lesbian gay bisexual transgender and queer youth in our nation's schools. GLSEN.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  98. Livingstone S. (2021). The 4Cs: Classifying Online Risk to Children (CO:RE Short Report Series on Key Topics) . The 4Cs: Classifying Online Risk to Children (CO:RE Short Report Series on Key Topics).
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  99. Timo Lorenz , Chelsea Rebecca Brüning , Mitzi Waltz , Marc Fabri (2021). Not a stranger to the dark: discrimination against autistic students and employees . Advances in Autism, 7(1), 60-72. Emerald.
    Crossref
  100. Christopher Luchs (2021). Considering Neurodiversity in Learning Design and Technology . TechTrends, 65(6), 923-924. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  101. Marcela Mezzatesta-Gava , María Ángeles Mairena , Diana Polo-Rangel , Gerard Coll-Planas , Eider Sanz-Huidobro , Ferran Marsà-Sambola (2025). Analysing Autism and Gender Diversity with an Intersectional Approach: a Scoping Review . Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  102. Moody L. Marsden L. Nguyen B.&Third A. (2021)Consultations with young people to inform the eSafety Commissioner's engagement strategy for young people. Report Young and Resilient Research Centre Western Sydney University.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  103. Alayna Murray , Beatrix Koronczai , Orsolya Király , Mark D. Griffiths , Arlene Mannion , Geraldine Leader et al. (2022). Autism, Problematic Internet Use and Gaming Disorder: A Systematic Review . Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9(1), 120-140. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  104. Kerri P. Nowell , Courtney J. Bernardin , Cynthia Brown , Stephen Kanne (2021). Characterization of Special Interests in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Brief Review and Pilot Study Using the Special Interests Survey . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(8), 2711-2724. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  105. Morgan Oates , Rebecca McCauley , Allison Bean (2024). Exploring Online Communication in Self-Identified Autistic Adolescents . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 67(4), 1165-1172. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Crossref
  106. Roald A. Øien , Domenic V. Cicchetti , Anders Nordahl-Hansen (2018). Gender Dysphoria, Sexuality and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Map Review . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(12), 4028-4037. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  107. Siva priya Santhanam (2023). An Interactive and Neurodiversity-Affirming Approach to Communication Supports for Autistic Students Through Videogaming . Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 54(1), 120-139. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Crossref
  108. Jennifer C. Sarrett (2016). Biocertification and Neurodiversity: the Role and Implications of Self-Diagnosis in Autistic Communities . Neuroethics, 9(1), 23-36. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  109. Schiek D. (2011). European Union Non‐Discrimination Law and Intersectionality: Investigating the Triangle of Racial, Gender and Disability Discrimination . European Union Non‐Discrimination Law and Intersectionality: Investigating the Triangle of Racial, Gender and Disability Discrimination.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  110. Catherine Schittenhelm , Maxime Kops , Maeve Moosburner , Saskia M. Fischer , Sebastian Wachs (2025). Cybergrooming Victimization Among Young People: A Systematic Review of Prevalence Rates, Risk Factors, and Outcomes . Adolescent Research Review, 10(2), 169-200. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  111. Seidman I. (2019). Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences . Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  112. Stone B. (2018)The affordances of online multiplayer games for the social interactions of middle‐primary school‐aged students with ASD. Australian Catholic University. Institute for Learning Sciences Teacher Education. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/198403/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  113. Stone B. (2025). Students' Online Risk Behaviors: Psychoeducational Predictors, Outcomes, and Prevention . Students' Online Risk Behaviors: Psychoeducational Predictors, Outcomes, and Prevention, 45.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  114. Street B. (2017). The Routledge Handbook of Multimodal Analysis . The Routledge Handbook of Multimodal Analysis, 227.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  115. UNESCO (1994). Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education . Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  116. UNICEF. (2018)Children and digital marketing: Rights risks and responsibilities. https://www.guvenliweb.org.tr/dosya/dXf3l.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  117. United Nations. (1989)Convention on the Rights of the Child. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments‐mechanisms/instruments/convention‐rightschild
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  118. United Nations. (2018)Participation of persons with disabilities including children with disabilities through their representative organizations in the implementation and monitoring of the Convention. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRPD/C/GC/7&Lang=en
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  119. Ushma D. Upadhyay , Heather Lipkovich (2020). Using online technologies to improve diversity and inclusion in cognitive interviews with young people . BMC Medical Research Methodology, 20(1), 159-159. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  120. Gerrit I. van Schalkwyk , Carla E. Marin , Mayra Ortiz , Max Rolison , Zheala Qayyum , James C. McPartland et al. (2017). Social Media Use, Friendship Quality, and the Moderating Role of Anxiety in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(9), 2805-2813. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  121. K Wahl-Jorgensen (2021). e_1_2_14_131_1 Communication, Culture & Critique, 14(2), 373.
    Type: Other DOI: 10.1093/ccc/tcab0154 Crossref: not found DataCite: not found
    Crossref
  122. Walker N. (2021). Neuroqueer heresies: Notes on the neurodiversity paradigm, Autistic empowerment, and postnormal possibilities . Neuroqueer heresies: Notes on the neurodiversity paradigm, Autistic empowerment, and postnormal possibilities.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  123. Reubs J. Walsh , Lydia Krabbendam , Jeroen Dewinter , Sander Begeer (2018). Brief Report: Gender Identity Differences in Autistic Adults: Associations with Perceptual and Socio-cognitive Profiles . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(12), 4070-4078. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  124. Varun Warrier , David M. Greenberg , Elizabeth M Weir , Clara Buckingham , Paula Smith , Meng-Chuan Lai et al. (2020). Elevated rates of autism, other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diagnoses, and autistic traits in transgender and gender-diverse individuals . Nature Communications, 11(1), 3959-3959. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  125. Matthew J. Woodward , Caitlin R. McGettrick , Olivia G. Dick , Mawsoof Ali , Jenni B. Teeters (2025). Time Spent on Social Media and Associations with Mental Health in Young Adults: Examining TikTok, Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, Youtube, Snapchat, and Reddit . Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 10(3), 661-671. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref
  126. Woolfolk A. (2016). Child and adolescent development and learning . Child and adolescent development and learning.
    Type: Other
    Crossref