Comparing narrative writing of autistic and non-autistic College students

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Shevchuk-Hill, S., Szczupakiewicz, S., Kofner, B., & Gillespie-Lynch, K. (2022). Comparing narrative writing of autistic and non-autistic College students. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(10), 3901-3915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05516-z

Publication date: 4 Aug 2022 Added to AutiHub: 5 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
4
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 4 (25.0%)

Abstract

We compared short stories by autistic (n = 19) and non-autistic (n = 23) university students. We used automated software and content analysis to code students' stories. We found that writings were more similar than different. However, autistic students' stories were rated at a higher reading level (p = .013) than non-autistic students'. Autistic students' stories contained fewer grammatical errors (p = .02) but were less likely to include a climax (p = .026). Autistic students reported more positive writing affect than non-autistic students (p = .026). Higher writing affect was associated with writing highly fictional texts (p = .03) that contained more sentences (p = .005). Findings suggest writing may be a strength for autistic students and opportunities to write creatively may promote positive affect toward writing.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 07:50.

Cited references
62
With a DOI
42
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
18
8 / 62 (12.9%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
18 / 62 (29.0%)
References with detected author names
45 / 62 (72.6%)
Without detected author names
17
Without a structured title
18
Without a stable identifier
18
References with raw author names still to review
17
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
149
From DOI or external metadata
149
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
23
68 / 149 (45.6%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 81 / 149 (54.4%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
10 / 149 (6.7%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 10 / 68 (14.7%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 7 / 129 (5.4%).
  1. Xiaofei Lu , Haiyang Ai (2015). Syntactic complexity in college-level English writing: Differences among writers with diverse L1 backgrounds . Journal of Second Language Writing, 29, 16-27. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. Annelie Ädel , Britt Erman (2012). Recurrent word combinations in academic writing by native and non-native speakers of English: A lexical bundles approach . English for Specific Purposes, 31(2), 81-92. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Molly Losh , Lisa Capps (2003). Narrative Ability in High-Functioning Children with Autism or Asperger's Syndrome . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(3), 239-251. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Ai, H., & Lu, X. (2010). A web-based system for automatic measurement of lexical complexity [Paper presentation]. 27th Annual Symposium of the Computer-Assisted Language Consortium (CALICO-10), Amherst, MA, June 8–12
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  5. Michael Siller , Meghan R Swanson , Gayle Serlin , Ann G. Teachworth (2014). Internal state language in the storybook narratives of children with and without autism spectrum disorder: Investigating relations to theory of mind abilities . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(5), 589-596. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Haiyang Ai , Xiaofei Lu (2013). A corpus-based comparison of syntactic complexity in NNS and NS university students’ writing . In Studies in Corpus Linguistics (pp. 249-264). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1075/scl.59.15ai OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2258090339
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. González Moreno, Andrés Santiago (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Inmaculada Baixauli , Carla Colomer , Belén Roselló , Ana Miranda (2016). Narratives of children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 59, 234-254. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. AnalyzeMyWriting [Web-based software]. (n.d.). https://www.analyzemywriting.com
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  10. Elizabeth Pellicano , David Burr (2012). When the world becomes ‘too real’: a Bayesian explanation of autistic perception . Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(10), 504-510. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. Xiaofei Lu (2010). Automatic analysis of syntactic complexity in second language writing . International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 15(4), 474-496. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Simon Baron-Cohen , Alan M. Leslie , Uta Frith (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition, 21(1), 37-46. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Charles A. MacArthur , Zoi A. Philippakos , Steve Graham (2016). A Multicomponent Measure of Writing Motivation With Basic College Writers . Learning Disability Quarterly, 39(1), 31-43. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. XIAOFEI LU (2012). The Relationship of Lexical Richness to the Quality of ESL Learners’ Oral Narratives . The Modern Language Journal, 96(2), 190-208. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Simon Baron-Cohen , Sally Wheelwright , Jacqueline Hill , Yogini Raste , Ian Plumb (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test Revised Version: A Study with Normal Adults, and Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High‐functioning Autism . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 241-251. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Susan Dickerson Mayes , Susan L. Calhoun (2003). Ability Profiles in Children with Autism . Autism, 7(1), 65-80. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Katherine Tyson , Elizabeth Kelley , Deborah Fein , Alyssa Orinstein , Eva Troyb , Marianne Barton et al. (2014). Language and Verbal Memory in Individuals with a History of Autism Spectrum Disorders Who Have Achieved Optimal Outcomes . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(3), 648-663. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Theo Bakker , Lydia Krabbendam , Sandjai Bhulai , Sander Begeer (2019). Background and enrollment characteristics of students with autism in higher education . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 67, 101424. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Heather M. Brown *Autistic author. Learn more… , Perry D. Klein (2011). Writing, Asperger Syndrome and Theory of Mind . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(11), 1464-1474. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. XIAOFEI LU (2011). A Corpus‐Based Evaluation of Syntactic Complexity Measures as Indices of College‐Level ESL Writers' Language Development . TESOL Quarterly, 45(1), 36-62. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Kristen Bottema-Beutel , So Yoon Kim , Shannon Crowley LaPoint , Paul J Yoder (2021). Developmental associations between joint engagement and autistic children’s vocabulary: A cross-lagged panel analysis . Autism, 25(2), 566-575. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Hugh L. Wagner (2000). The accessibility of the term “contempt” and the meaning of the unilateral lip curl . Cognition & Emotion, 14(5), 689-710. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Cheryl A. Engber (1995). The relationship of lexical proficiency to the quality of ESL compositions . Journal of Second Language Writing, 4(2), 139-155. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Brown, L., Sherbenou, R. J., & Johnsen, S. K. (2010). Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (4th ed.). Pro-Ed
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  25. Matthew J. Traxler , Morton Ann Gernsbacher (1993). Improving written communication through perspective-taking . Language and Cognitive Processes, 8(3), 311-334. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Chall, J. S., & Dale, E. (1995). Readability revised: The new Dale-Chall readability formula. Brookline Books
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  27. Sarah-Maude Coll , Nicholas E.V. Foster , Alexa Meilleur , Simona M. Brambati , Krista L. Hyde (2020). Sensorimotor skills in autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 76, 101570. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Richard W. Woodcock (2012). Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests, Third Edition . PsycTESTS Dataset. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Elizabeth Finnegan , Amy Accardo (2018). Written Expression in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(3), 868-882. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Constantino, J., & Gruber, J. (2012). Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2) manual (2nd ed.). Western Psychological Services
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  31. Guangming Ling , Norbert Elliot , Jill C. Burstein , Daniel F. McCaffrey , Charles A. MacArthur , Steven Holtzman (2021). Writing motivation: A validation study of self-judgment and performance . Assessing Writing, 48, 100509. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Priyanka Fernandes , Madeline Haley , Kevin Eagan , Paul Shattuck , Alice A. Kuo (2021). Health Needs and College Readiness in Autistic Students: The Freshman Survey Results . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(10), 3506-3513. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Simon Baron-Cohen , S Wheelwright , Jessica Hill , Y Raste , I Plumb (2001). The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. PubMed, 42(2), 241-51.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2134822928
    OpenAlex
  34. Davies, M. (2020a). Analyze Texts [Web-based software]. https://www.english-corpora.org/coca/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  35. Matthew Zajic , Sarah Emily Wilson (2020). Writing research involving children with autism spectrum disorder without a co-occurring intellectual disability: A systematic review using a language domains and mediational systems framework . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 70, 101471. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Laurent Mottron , Jacob A. Burack , Grace Iarocci , Sylvie Belleville , James T. Enns (2003). Locally oriented perception with intact global processing among adolescents with high‐functioning autism: evidence from multiple paradigms . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(6), 904-913. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Davies, M. (2020b). The Corpus of Contemporary American English. https://www.english-corpora.org
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  38. Brenda Smith Myles , Abigail Huggins , Maleia Rome-Lake , Taku Hagiwara , Gena P. Barnhill , Deborah E. Griswold (2003). Written Language Profile of Children and Youth with Asperger Syndrome: From Research to Practice . Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 38(4), 362-369. SAGE Publications.
    OpenAlex
  39. Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and Cultural Differences in Facial Expressions of Emotions. In Cole, J. (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 207–282). University of Nebraska Press
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  40. Andy P. Field (2018). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics .
    Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2249595199
    OpenAlex
  41. Ekman, P. (2007). Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life (2nd ed.). Henry Holt and Company
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  42. Penelope Hannant , T. Tavassoli , Sarah Cassidy (2016). The Role of Sensorimotor Difficulties in Autism Spectrum Conditions . Frontiers in Neurology, 7, 1. Frontiers Media SA.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Marcus Lewton , Chris Ashwin , M. Brosnan (2019). Syllogistic reasoning reveals reduced bias in people with higher autistic-like traits from the general population . Autism, 23(5), 1311-1321. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Field, N. (2016). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. SAGE Publications
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  45. Johanna R. Price , Gary E. Martin , Kong Chen , Jennifer R. Jones (2020). A Preliminary Study of Writing Skills in Adolescents with Autism Across Persuasive, Expository, and Narrative Genres . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(1), 319-332. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. Grammarly Incorporated (2020). Grammar Check [Web-based software]. https://www.grammarly.com/grammar-check
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  47. Philip Yaffe (2019). Don't write short texts, write concise ones . Ubiquity, 2019(November), 1-7. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1145/3372794 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3000798780
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Lumen Learning. (n.d.) Keeping your writing engaging. In Lumen Learning, Boundless Writing [online course]. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-writing/chapter/keeping-your-writing-engaging/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  49. BS Myles (2003). Myles, B. S., Huggins, A., Rome-Lake, M., Hagiwara, T., Barnhill, G. P., & Griswold, D. E. (2003). Written language profile of children and youth with asperger syndrome: From research to practice. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 38(4), 362–369. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23879912 Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 38(4), 362.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  50. Susan Dickerson Mayes , Susan L. Calhoun (2003). Ability profiles in children with autism: influence of age and IQ . Autism, 7(1), 65-80. SAGE Publications.
    OpenAlex
  51. Morkes, J., & Nielsen, J. (1997). Concise, scannable, and objective: How to write for the web. Nielsen Norman Group. http://www.useit.com/papers/webwriting/writing.html
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  52. Navarro, D. (2013). Learning statistics with R: A tutorial for psychology students and other beginners: Version 0. 5. University of Adelaide
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  53. (n.d.). Proofed (2015, December 25). How word variation could improve your academic writing (And 5 handy examples). Writing Tips. https://getproofed.com/writing-tips/how-word-variation-could-improve-your-academic-writing-and-5-handy-examples/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  54. WordCounter [Web-based software] (2017). https://wordcounter.net
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  55. (n.d.). Yagoda, B. (2013, April 16). 5 ways to deal with word repetition. Writer’s Digest. https://www.writersdigest.com/write-better-fiction/5-ways-to-deal-with-word-repetition
    Type: Other
    Crossref