Longitudinal Predictors of Adaptive Functioning in Emerging Adults with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Fossum, I. N., Øie, M. G., Orm, S., Andersen, P. N., & Skogli, E. W. (2024). Longitudinal Predictors of Adaptive Functioning in Emerging Adults with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 53(2), 137-149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-024-01265-y

Journal or book title
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Volume
53
Issue
2
Pages
137-149
Publication date: 15 Nov 2024 Added to AutiHub: 20 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) Full text OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
5
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 5 (20.0%)
  1. Ingrid Nesdal Fossum
  2. Merete Glenne Øie
  3. Stian Orm *
  4. Per Normann Andersen
  5. Erik Winther Skogli

Abstract

Abstract Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) display heterogeneity in adaptive functioning, underscoring the need to identify predictors to inform clinical and scientific interventions. We investigated the longitudinal associations between an autism diagnosis, co-occurring psychopathology symptoms, executive functions (EF) and subsequent adaptive functioning in individuals with and without ASD (IQ > 70). Sixty-six individuals (26 with ASD, 40 without ASD) were assessed at baseline (mean age = 11.8 years, SD = 2.1) and at 10-year follow-up (mean age 21.4, SD = 2.3). The diagnostic evaluation comprised a comprehensive assessment of autism symptoms and emotional and cognitive functioning. Co-occurring psychopathology symptoms were assessed with two measures: self-reported depressive symptoms with the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and parent-reported total problems with the Child Behavior Checklist 6–18. Participants completed neuropsychological tests to evaluate EF. We investigated adaptive functioning by using the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale (WFIRS) which is a self-report measure of impairment in the following domains: family, work, school, life skills, self-concept, social and risk-taking. Among the emerging adults previously diagnosed with ASD, 46% reported living independently, 75% had at least one friend, and 71% were employed or in education. Individuals with ASD reported significantly lower adaptive functioning compared to individuals without ASD (WFIRS Total, Hedges’ g = 0.92). Greater EF difficulties in childhood/adolescence predicted lower adaptive functioning in emerging adulthood, surpassing the influence of autism diagnosis and co-occurring symptoms. The findings highlight the influential role of EF, implying that interventions targeting EF difficulties could improve long-term outcomes for individuals with ASD.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 3 Oct 2026 01:01.

Cited references
96
With a DOI
86
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
7
6 / 96 (6.2%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
7 / 96 (7.3%)
References with detected author names
90 / 96 (93.8%)
Without detected author names
6
Without a structured title
7
Without a stable identifier
7
References with raw author names still to review
6
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
386
From DOI or external metadata
386
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
18
135 / 386 (35.0%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 251 / 386 (65.0%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
6 / 386 (1.6%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 6 / 135 (4.4%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 2 / 299 (0.7%).
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