Autism Spectrum Disorders in Infancy and Toddlerhood: A Review of the Evidence on Early Signs, Early Identification Tools, and Early Diagnosis

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Barbaro, J. & Dissanayake, C. (2009). Autism Spectrum Disorders in Infancy and Toddlerhood: A Review of the Evidence on Early Signs, Early Identification Tools, and Early Diagnosis. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 30(5), 447-459. https://doi.org/10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181ba0f9f

Publication date: 1 Oct 2009 Added to AutiHub: 7 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
2
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 2 (50.0%)
  1. Josephine Barbaro *
  2. Cheryl Dissanayake

Abstract

To date, the biological basis of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) remains unknown. Thus, identification and diagnosis are reliant on behavioral presentation and developmental history. There have been significant advances in our knowledge of the early signs of ASD through the use of retrospective videotape analysis, parental report, screening studies, and more recently, studies on high-risk infant siblings. Despite behavioral markers being identified within the first year of life, the current average age of diagnosis for ASD remains at approximately 3 years or older. Consequently, these children are not receiving intervention in their early years, which is increasingly recognized as an important time to begin intervention. There remains little research on the prospective identification of these children in a community-based sample before 18 months. It is recommended that future prospective studies monitor behavior repeatedly over time, thereby increasing the opportunity to identify early manifestations of ASD and facilitating the charting of subtle behavioral changes that occur in the development of infants and toddlers with ASD.

Bibliography cited by this reference

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Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 13 Sep 2026 01:05.

Cited references
142
With a DOI
126
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
14
0 / 142 (0.0%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
2 / 142 (1.4%)
References with detected author names
140 / 142 (98.6%)
Without detected author names
2
Without a structured title
0
Without a stable identifier
13
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
1
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
580
From DOI or external metadata
580
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
0
126 / 580 (21.7%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 454 / 580 (78.3%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
0 / 580 (0.0%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 0 / 126 (0.0%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 0 / 367 (0.0%).
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