Supporting autistic refugees in the UK using the HOPE(S) model

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Read, M. & Quinn, A. (2024). Supporting autistic refugees in the UK using the HOPE(S) model. Learning Disability Practice, 28(3), 18-25. https://doi.org/10.7748/ldp.2024.e2248

Publication date: 29 Aug 2024 Added to AutiHub: 6 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
2
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 2 (50.0%)

Abstract

Refugees are likely to have experienced considerable trauma in their life, even more so if they are autistic. The ‘hostile environment’ created in the UK to reduce the number of refugees claiming asylum is likely to have exacerbated the difficulties experienced by refugees, including in terms of access to healthcare services. Refugees detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 may experience restrictive practices and therefore be exposed to additional trauma or re-traumatisation. This article focuses in particular on the harmful effects of solitary confinement on autistic refugees and discusses how healthcare professionals can use the HOPE(S) model to support this population.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 16:12.

Cited references
64
With a DOI
44
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
19
8 / 64 (12.5%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
18 / 64 (28.1%)
References with detected author names
46 / 64 (71.9%)
Without detected author names
18
Without a structured title
7
Without a stable identifier
18
References with raw author names still to review
7
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
166
From DOI or external metadata
166
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
8
60 / 166 (36.1%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 106 / 166 (63.9%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
19 / 166 (11.4%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 19 / 60 (31.7%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 16 / 157 (10.2%).
  1. Stuart Grassian (2006). Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement . Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis), 22(1), 325-383.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1515124225
    OpenAlex
  2. Zara Asif , Hanna Kienzler (2022). Structural barriers to refugee, asylum seeker and undocumented migrant healthcare access. Perceptions of Doctors of the World caseworkers in the UK . SSM - Mental Health, 2, 100088. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Tatja Hirvikoski , Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz , Marcus Boman , Henrik Larsson , Paul Lichtenstein , Sven Bölte (2016). Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(3), 232-238. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. (1984). Monitoring the Mental Health Act . Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 8(1), 8-8. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    OpenAlex
  5. Susanna Baldwin , Debra Costley (2016). The experiences and needs of female adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 20(4), 483-495. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Eilidh Cage , Jessica Di Monaco , Victoria Newell (2019). Understanding, attitudes and dehumanisation towards autistic people . Autism, 23(6), 1373-1383. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Tanja Michael , Sarah L. Halligan , David M. Clark , Anke Ehlers (2007). Rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder . Depression and Anxiety, 24(5), 307-317. Hindawi Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/da.20228 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2005618880
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Ofer Golan , Nirit Haruvi-Lamdan , Nathaniel Laor , Danny Horesh (2022). The comorbidity between autism spectrum disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder is mediated by brooding rumination . Autism, 26(2), 538-544. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. (2015). Othering, an analysis . Transcience, 6(1), 69.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  10. Connor Kerns , Craig J. Newschaffer , Steven J. Berkowitz (2015). Traumatic Childhood Events and Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(11), 3475-3486. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. Sharon Schwartz , Ilan H. Meyer (2010). Mental health disparities research: The impact of within and between group analyses on tests of social stress hypotheses . Social Science & Medicine, 70(8), 1111-1118. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Care Quality Commission (2022). Monitoring the Mental Health Act in 2021 to 2022 . Monitoring the Mental Health Act in 2021 to 2022.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  13. Freya Rumball , Francesca Happé , Nick Grey (2020). Experience of Trauma and PTSD Symptoms in Autistic Adults: Risk of PTSD Development Following DSM ‐5 and Non‐DSM ‐5 Traumatic Life Events . Autism Research, 13(12), 2122-2132. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2306 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3016541693
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Allison Shefcyk (2015). Count us in: Addressing gender disparities in autism research . Autism, 19(2), 131-132. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Sarah Cassidy , Louise Bradley , Rebecca Shaw , Simon Baron-Cohen (2018). Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults . Molecular Autism, 9(1), 42. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Noah Sasson , Daniel J. Faso , Jack Nugent , Sarah Lovell , Daniel P. Kennedy , Ruth B. Grossman (2017). Neurotypical Peers are Less Willing to Interact with Those with Autism based on Thin Slice Judgments . Scientific Reports, 7(1), 40700. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Natasja Jensen , Katrine Johansen , Marianne Kastrup , Allan Krasnik , Marie Norredam (2014). Patient Experienced Continuity of Care in the Psychiatric Healthcare System—A Study Including Immigrants, Refugees and Ethnic Danes . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(9), 9739-9759. MDPI AG.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. (2015). Micro-Trauma: A Psychoanalytic Understanding of Cumulative Psychic Injury . Micro-Trauma: A Psychoanalytic Understanding of Cumulative Psychic Injury.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  19. Debbie C Hocking (2021). To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield: Narratives on the road to asylum . Transcultural Psychiatry, 58(2), 200-214. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Department for Education, Department of Health and Social Care (2021) The National Strategy for Autistic Children, Young People and Adults: 2021 to 2026. www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-strategy-for-autistic-children-young-people-and-adults-2021-to-2026/the-national-strategy-for-autistic-children-young-people-and-adults-2021-to-2026 (Last accessed: 12 August 2024.)
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  21. Josefin Wångdahl , Per Lytsy , Lena Mårtensson , Ragnar Westerling (2015). Health literacy and refugees’ experiences of the health examination for asylum seekers – a Swedish cross-sectional study . BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1162. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Department of Health (2015) Mental Health Act 1983: Code of Practice. assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a80a774e5274a2e87dbb0f0/MHA_Code_of_Practice. PDF (Last accessed: 12 August 2024.)
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  23. Department of Health and Social Care (2023) Baroness Hollins’ Final Report: My Heart Breaks – Solitary Confinement in Hospital Has No Therapeutic Benefit for People with a Learning Disability and Autistic People. www.gov.uk/government/publications/independent-care-education-and-treatment-reviews-final-report-2023/baroness-hollins-final-report-my-heart-breaks-solitary-confinement-in-hospital-has-no-therapeutic-benefit-for-people-with-a-learning-disability-an (Last accessed: 12 August 2024.)
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  24. Frank van den Boogert , Bram Sizoo , Pascalle Spaan , Sharon Tolstra , Yvonne H. A. Bouman , Witte J. G. Hoogendijk et al. (2021). Sensory Processing and Aggressive Behavior in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Brain Sciences, 11(1), 95. MDPI AG.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Chantelle Wood , Megan Freeth (2016). Students’ Stereotypes of Autism . Journal of Educational Issues, 2(2), 131. Macrothink Institute, Inc..
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Nancy Doyle , Almuth McDowall , Uzma Waseem (2022). Intersectional Stigma for Autistic People at Work: A Compound Adverse Impact Effect on Labor Force Participation and Experiences of Belonging . Autism in Adulthood, 4(4), 340-356. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Ramzi Shawahna , Basel Fahed , Dana Qadri , Lamees Sharawi , Mai Soroghli , Maen Dweik (2017). Awareness and Knowledge of Autism Spectrum Disorders Among Pharmacists: A Cross-Sectional Study in Palestinian Pharmacy Practice . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(6), 1618-1627. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Daisy Alicia Gibson , Holly Eick , Susanne Meddings , Ceri Woodrow (2023). Why am I still in hospital? Evaluation of delayed discharges from two learning disability assessment and treatment units in England . Tizard Learning Disability Review, 28(1/2), 46-53. Emerald.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Craig Haney (2018). Restricting the Use of Solitary Confinement . Annual Review of Criminology, 1(1), 285-310. Annual Reviews.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Yiqi Lin , Yating Gu , Yekai Xu , Shumeng Hou , Ruyi Ding , Shiguang Ni (2022). Autistic spectrum traits detection and early screening: A machine learning based eye movement study . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 35(1), 83-92. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Elisabeth Mangrio , Katarina Sjögren Forss (2017). Refugees’ experiences of healthcare in the host country: a scoping review . BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), 814. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. (2006). Psychiatric effects of solitary confinement . Washington University Journal of Law and Policy, 22, 325.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  33. John H. Ward , Elizabeth Weir , Carrie T. Allison , Simon Baron-Cohen (2023). Increased rates of chronic physical health conditions across all organ systems in autistic adolescents and adults . Molecular Autism, 14(1), 35. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Angela Sweeney , Beth Filson , Angela Kennedy , Lucie Collinson , Steve Gillard (2018). A paradigm shift: relationships in trauma-informed mental health services . BJPsych Advances, 24(5), 319-333. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Matthew Grundy-Bowers , Max Read (2020). Developing cultural competence in caring for LGBTQI+ patients . Nursing Standard, 35(2), 29-34. RCNi.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  36. Katharina Reiter-Scheidl , Ilona Papousek , Helmut K. Lackner , Manuela Paechter , Elisabeth M. Weiss , Nilüfer Aydin (2018). Aggressive behavior after social exclusion is linked with the spontaneous initiation of more action-oriented coping immediately following the exclusion episode . Physiology & Behavior, 195, 142-150. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. (2013). Solitary Confinement: Social Death and Its Afterlives . Solitary Confinement: Social Death and Its Afterlives.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  38. (2019). Solitary Confinement: Effects, Practices, and Pathways Toward Reform . Solitary Confinement: Effects, Practices, and Pathways Toward Reform, 129.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  39. Craig Haney (2020). The Science of Solitary: Expanding the Harmfulness Narrative . Northwestern University Law Review, 115(1), 1, 211.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3082017594
    Crossref OpenAlex
  40. Rae Morris , Andrea Greenblatt , Michael Saini (2019). Healthcare Providers’ Experiences with Autism: A Scoping Review . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(6), 2374-2388. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. Julia L. Sheffler , Ian Stanley , Natalie Sachs-Ericsson (2020). ACEs and mental health outcomes . In Adverse Childhood Experiences (pp. 47-69). Elsevier.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Nirit Haruvi-Lamdan , Danny Horesh , Shani Zohar , Meital Kraus , Ofer Golan (2020). Autism Spectrum Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: An unexplored co-occurrence of conditions . Autism, 24(4), 884-898. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Teresa Pollard , Natasha Howard (2021). Mental healthcare for asylum-seekers and refugees residing in the United Kingdom: a scoping review of policies, barriers, and enablers . International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 15(1), 60. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. (2020). The Neurodiversity Reader: Exploring Concepts, Lived Experiences and Implications for Practice . The Neurodiversity Reader: Exploring Concepts, Lived Experiences and Implications for Practice, 78.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  45. Chloe Walsh , Paul O’Connor , Ellen Walsh , Sinéad Lydon (2023). A Systematic Review of Interventions to Improve Healthcare Experiences and Access in Autism . Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10(2), 185-202. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. Joint Committee on Human Rights (2019) The Detention of Young People with Learning Disabilities and/or Autism. publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt201919/jtselect/jtrights/121/121.pdf (Last accessed: 12 August 2024.)
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  47. Peter Mitchell , Elizabeth Sheppard , Sarah Cassidy (2021). Autism and the double empathy problem: Implications for development and mental health . British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 39(1), 1-18. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Elaine McGreevy , Alexis Quinn *Autistic author. Learn more… , Roslyn Law , Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… , Mairi Evans , Kieran Rose *Autistic author. Learn more… et al. (2023). An experience sensitive approach to care with and for autistic children and young people in clinical services . Journal of Humanistic Psychology. Center for Open Science.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  49. (2018). Working at Relational Depth in Counselling and Psychotherapy . Working at Relational Depth in Counselling and Psychotherapy.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  50. Rosie Scott , Emer Forde , Clare Wedderburn (2022). Refugee, Migrant and Asylum Seekers’ Experience of Accessing and Receiving Primary Healthcare in a UK City of Sanctuary . Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 24(1), 304-307. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  51. Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust (2024) HOPE(S) Model. www.merseycare.nhs.uk/hopes-model (Last accessed: 12 August 2024.)
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  52. Anna Christina Nowak , Yudit Namer , Claudia Hornberg (2022). Health Care for Refugees in Europe: A Scoping Review . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1278. MDPI AG.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  53. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2024) How is Hepatitis B Transmitted? cks.nice.org.uk/topics/hepatitis-b/background-information/transmission (Last accessed: 12 August 2024.)
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  54. (2018). Unbroken: Learning to Live Beyond Diagnosis . Unbroken: Learning to Live Beyond Diagnosis.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  55. (2018). Passing as privileged . Ergo, 5, 1.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  56. (1977). Living in Prison: The Ecology of Survival . Living in Prison: The Ecology of Survival.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  57. World Health Organization (2022) Refugee and Migrant Health. www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/refugee-and-migrant-health (Last accessed: 12 August 2024.)
    Type: Other
    Crossref