What can neurodiversity tell us about inner speech, and vice versa? A theoretical perspective

Authors

Abstract

Inner speech refers to the experience of talking to oneself in one's head. While notoriously challenging to investigate, it has also been central to a range of questions concerning mind, brain, and behaviour. Posited as a key component in executive function and self-regulation, inner speech has been claimed to be crucial in higher cognitive operations, self-knowledge and self-awareness. Such arguments have traditionally been supported with examples of atypical development. But variations in inner speech - and in some cases, significant diversity - in fact pose several key challenges to such claims, and raises many more questions for, language, thought and mental health more generally. In this review, we will summarise evidence on the experience and operation of inner speech in child and adult neurotypical populations, autistic people and other neurodivergent groups, and people with diverse experiences of linguistic and sensory development, including deafness. We will demonstrate that the relationship between inner speech and cognitive operations may be more complex than first assumed when explored through the lens of cognitive and neurological diversity, and the implications of that for understanding the developing brain in all populations. We discuss why and how the experience of inner speech in neurodivergent groups has often been assumed rather than investigated, making it an important opportunity for researchers to develop innovative future work that integrates participatory insights with cognitive methodology. Finally, we will outline why variations in inner speech - in neurotypical and neurodivergent populations alike - nevertheless have a range of important implications for mental health vulnerability and unmet need. In this sense, the example of inner speech offers us both a way of looking back at the logic of developmental psychology and neuropsychology, and a clue to its future in a neurodiverse world.

1. Alain Morin (2005). Possible links between self-awareness and inner speech: Theoretical background, underlying mechanisms, and empirical evidence . Journal of Consciousness Studies, 12(4–5), 115.

   Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W46901550

   Crossref OpenAlex
2. Wei Ai , William A. Cunningham , Meng-Chuan Lai (2022). Reconsidering autistic ‘camouflaging’ as transactional impression management . Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(8), 631-645. Elsevier BV.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.05.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4281707972

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
3. Peter Carruthers (2002). The cognitive functions of language . Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(6), 657-674. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x02000122 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2122293562

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
4. James Russell , Christopher Jarrold , Bruce Hood (1999). Two Intact Executive Capacities in Children with Autism: Implications for the Core Executive Dysfunctions in the Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(2), 103-112. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1023084425406 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W301535370

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
5. Ben Alderson‐Day (2014). Verbal Problem‐Solving Difficulties in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Atypical Language Development . Autism Research, 7(6), 720-730. Wiley.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.1424 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1548879464

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
6. Valentina Petrolini , Marta Jorba , Agustín Vicente (2020). The Role of Inner Speech in Executive Functioning Tasks: Schizophrenia With Auditory Verbal Hallucinations and Autistic Spectrum Conditions as Case Studies . Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 572035-572035. Frontiers Media SA.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572035 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3087489889

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
7. 直樹 東田 , Ka Yoshida , David Mitchell (2014). The reason I jump: one boy's voice from the silence of autism .

   Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W412834341

   OpenAlex
8. Ben Alderson‐Day , Charles Fernyhough (2015). Inner speech: Development, cognitive functions, phenomenology, and neurobiology. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 931-965. American Psychological Association (APA).

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/bul0000021 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2168918709

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
9. Aisling Mulvihill , Annemaree Carroll , Paul E. Dux , Natasha Matthews (2020). Self-directed speech and self-regulation in childhood neurodevelopmental disorders: Current findings and future directions . Development and Psychopathology, 32(1), 205-217. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418001670 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2913020171

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
10. Ben Alderson‐Day , Simon McCarthy-Jones , Sarah Bedford , Hannah Collins , Holly Dunne , Chloe Rooke et al. (2014). Shot through with voices: Dissociation mediates the relationship between varieties of inner speech and auditory hallucination proneness . Consciousness and Cognition, 27, 288-296. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.05.010 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2087713201

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
11. Wendy Treynor , Richard Gonzalez , Susan Nolen-Hoeksema (2003). Rumination Reconsidered: A Psychometric Analysis . Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247-259. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1023910315561 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2158598050

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
12. Andrew Whitehouse , Murray T. Maybery , Kevin Durkin (2006). Inner speech impairments in autism . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(8), 857-865. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01624.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1652226287

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
13. Ben Alderson‐Day , Kaja Mitrenga , Sam Wilkinson , Simon McCarthy-Jones , Charles Fernyhough (2018). The varieties of inner speech questionnaire – Revised (VISQ-R): Replicating and refining links between inner speech and psychopathology . Consciousness and Cognition, 65, 48-58. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.07.001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2883250176

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
14. Gregory L. Wallace , Cynthia S. Peng , David Williams (2017). Interfering With Inner Speech Selectively Disrupts Problem Solving and Is Linked With Real-World Executive Functioning . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 60(12), 3456-3460. American Speech Language Hearing Association.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/2017_jslhr-s-16-0376 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2768044389

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
15. Anne Kästner , Martin Begemann , Tanja Maria Michel , Sarah Everts , Beata Stepniak , Christiane Bach et al. (2015). Autism beyond diagnostic categories: characterization of autistic phenotypes in schizophrenia . BMC Psychiatry, 15(1), 115. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0494-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1851854755

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
16. Ben Alderson‐Day , Susanne Weis , Simon McCarthy-Jones , Peter Moseley , David Smailes , Charles Fernyhough (2016). The brain’s conversation with itself: neural substrates of dialogic inner speech . Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(1), 110-120. Oxford University Press (OUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv094 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2114910605

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
17. Jutta Kray , Jutta Eber , Julia Karbach (2008). Verbal self‐instructions in task switching: a compensatory tool for action‐control deficits in childhood and old age? Developmental Science, 11(2), 223-236. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00673.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2104588478

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
18. Temple Grandin (1995). How People with Autism Think . In Learning and Cognition in Autism (pp. 137-156). Springer US.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1286-2_8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1906675876

    Crossref OpenAlex
19. Rabi Samil Alkhaldi , Elizabeth Sheppard , Peter Mitchell (2019). Is There a Link Between Autistic People Being Perceived Unfavorably and Having a Mind That Is Difficult to Read? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(10), 3973-3982. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04101-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2949760813

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
20. Kerrianne E Morrison , Kilee M. DeBrabander , Desiree R. Jones , Daniel J Faso , Robert A. Ackerman , Noah J. Sasson (2020). Outcomes of real-world social interaction for autistic adults paired with autistic compared to typically developing partners . Autism, 24(5), 1067-1080. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319892701 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2996531634

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
21. Somer Bishop , Marsha Mailick Seltzer (2012). Self-Reported Autism Symptoms in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(11), 2354-2363. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1483-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1965226393

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
22. Joanna R. Atkinson , Kate Gleeson , Jim Cromwell , Sue O'Rourke (2007). Exploring the perceptual characteristics of voice-hallucinations in deaf people . Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12(4), 339-361. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/13546800701238229 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2153356046

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
23. R. T. Hurlburt , Francesca Happé , U. Frith , Harlina Siraj , Zaleha Abdullah Mahdy , V.L. Shi Huan (1994). Sampling the form of inner experience in three adults with Asperger syndrome . Psychological Medicine, 24(2), 385-395. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0033291700027367 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2105656082

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
24. Simone Tabea Fatzer , Claudia Maria Roebers (2012). Language and Executive Functions: The Effect of Articulatory Suppression on Executive Functioning in Children . Journal of Cognition and Development, 13(4), 454-472. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2011.608322 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1966001614

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
25. Baddeley (1974). Working memory .

    Type: Other

    Crossref
26. Gerasimos Chatzidamianos , Danielle Burns , Panoraia Andriopoulou , Dawn Archer , Margaret du Feu (2021). The challenges and facilitators to successful translation and adaptation of written self-report psychological measures into sign languages: A systematic review. Psychological Assessment, 33(11), 1100-1124. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/pas0001061 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3200632080

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
27. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… (2012). On the ontological status of autism: the ‘double empathy problem’ . Disability & Society, 27(6), 883-887. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2012.710008 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1968949608

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
28. Simon Baron-Cohen , Alan M. Leslie , Uta Frith (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition, 21(1), 37-46. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2093410327

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
29. Penny Corkum , Kelly Humphries , Jennifer C. Mullane , France Theriault (2008). Private speech in children with ADHD and their typically developing peers during problem-solving and inhibition tasks . Contemporary Educational Psychology, 33(1), 97-115. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2006.12.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2101938746

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
30. Dan Zahavi (2010). Complexities of self . Autism, 14(5), 547-551. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361310370040 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1978330888

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
31. Hanna Bertilsdotter Rosqvist *Autistic author. Learn more… , Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… , Kristien Hens , Sarinah O’Donoghue *Autistic author. Learn more… , Amy Pearson *Autistic author. Learn more… , Anna Stenning *Autistic author. Learn more… (2023). Cutting our own keys: New possibilities of neurodivergent storying in research . Autism, 27(5), 1235-1244. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613221132107 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4306784324

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex
32. Janette Dinishak (2021). Autistic autobiography and hermeneutical injustice . Metaphilosophy, 52(5), 556-569. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/meta.12514 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3198748761

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
33. K. Venkata Rao , Alan Baddeley (2013). Raven's Matrices and Working Memory: A Dual-Task Approach . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66(10), 1881-1887. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2013.828314 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1985254326

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
34. Clara Bled , Quentin Guillon , Isabelle Soulières , Lucie Bouvet (2021). Thinking in pictures in everyday life situations among autistic adults . PLOS ONE, 16(7), e0255039. Public Library of Science (PLoS).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255039 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3183961362

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
35. Caroline Stokes , Colette R. Hirsch (2010). Engaging in imagery versus verbal processing of worry: Impact on negative intrusions in high worriers . Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(5), 418-423. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.011 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1985331707

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
36. Matthew L. Hall , Wyatte C. Hall , Naomi K. Caselli (2019). Deaf children need language, not (just) speech . First Language, 39(4), 367-395. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0142723719834102 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2922152793

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
37. Maithilee Kunda , Ashok K. Goel (2011). Thinking in Pictures as a Cognitive Account of Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(9), 1157-1177. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-010-1137-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1997532272

    Crossref OpenAlex
38. Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… (2021). Academic, Activist, or Advocate? Angry, Entangled, and Emerging: A Critical Reflection on Autism Knowledge Production . Frontiers in Psychology, 12(6), 727542-727542. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727542 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3203087437

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
39. Jamie Moffatt , Kaja Julia Mitrenga , Ben Alderson‐Day , Peter Moseley , Charles Fernyhough (2020). Inner experience differs in rumination and distraction without a change in electromyographical correlates of inner speech . PLOS ONE, 15(9), e0238920. Public Library of Science (PLoS).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238920 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3086050628

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
40. Emily A. Holmes , Andrew Mathews , Tim Dalgleish , Bundy Mackintosh (2006). Positive Interpretation Training: Effects of Mental Imagery Versus Verbal Training on Positive Mood . Behavior Therapy, 37(3), 237-247. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2006.02.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1997912580

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
41. Charles Fernyhough (1996). The dialogic mind: A dialogic approach to the higher mental functions . New Ideas in Psychology, 14(1), 47-62. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/0732-118x(95)00024-b OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2022323815

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
42. Mirko Uljarević , Antonia F. de C. Hamilton (2013). Recognition of Emotions in Autism: A Formal Meta-Analysis . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(7), 1517-1526. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1695-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2001483327

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
43. Peter Carruthers (2009). How we know our own minds: The relationship between mindreading and metacognition . Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(2), 121-138. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x09000545 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2138336342

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
44. Uta Frith , Francesca Happé (1999). Theory of Mind and Self‐Consciousness: What Is It Like to Be Autistic? Mind & Language, 14(1), 82-89. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1468-0017.00100 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2143084649

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
45. Gary Lupyan (2009). Extracommunicative functions of language: Verbal interference causes selective categorization impairments . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(4), 711-718. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3758/pbr.16.4.711 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2005671931

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
46. Robert Chapman *Autistic author. Learn more… (2021). Neurodiversity and the Social Ecology of Mental Functions . Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), 1360-1372. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1745691620959833 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3126691317

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
47. CANDIDA C. PETERSON (2009). Development of social‐cognitive and communication skills in children born deaf . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50(5), 475-483. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00750.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2014787386

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
48. Hans G. Furth (1964). Research with the deaf: Implications for language and cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 62(3), 145-164. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/h0046080 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2009430100

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
49. Robert Chapman *Autistic author. Learn more… , Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… (2023). Neurodivergence‐informed therapy . Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 65(3), 310-317. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15384 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4295008953

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
50. Akira Miyake , Michael J Emerson , Francisca Padilla , Jeung-chan Ahn (2004). Inner speech as a retrieval aid for task goals: the effects of cue type and articulatory suppression in the random task cuing paradigm . Acta Psychologica, 115(2-3), 123-142. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.12.004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2098513956

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
51. Chérif P. Sahyoun , John W. Belliveau , Maria Mody (2010). White matter integrity and pictorial reasoning in high-functioning children with autism . Brain and Cognition, 73(3), 180-188. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.05.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2010960204

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
52. Patrick Dwyer *Autistic author. Learn more… (2022). The Neurodiversity Approach(es): What Are They and What Do They Mean for Researchers? Human Development, 66(2), 73-92. S. Karger AG.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1159/000523723 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4213371521

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
53. Lang Chen , Daniel A. Abrams , Miriam Rosenberg-Lee , Teresa Iuculano , Holly N. Wakeman , Sandhya Prathap et al. (2019). Quantitative Analysis of Heterogeneity in Academic Achievement of Children With Autism . Clinical Psychological Science, 7(2), 362-380. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/2167702618809353 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2901237437

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
54. Paul A. Constable , Melanie Ring , Sebastian Gaigg , Dermot M Bowler (2018). Problem-solving styles in autism spectrum disorder and the development of higher cognitive functions . Autism, 22(5), 597-608. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361317691044 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2588041616

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
55. Chandra Lebenhagen (2020). Including Speaking and Nonspeaking Autistic Voice in Research . Autism in Adulthood, 2(2), 128-131. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2019.0002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2975531104

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
56. Margaret Wilson , Karen Emmorey (1997). A visuospatial “phonological loop” in working memory: Evidence from American Sign Language . Memory & Cognition, 25(3), 313-320. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3758/bf03211287 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2027384406

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
57. S Hassanzadeh (2012). Outcomes of cochlear implantation in deaf children of deaf parents: comparative study . The Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 126(10), 989-994. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0022215112001909 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2054529473

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
58. C. Courtin (2000). The Impact of Sign Language on the Cognitive Development of Deaf Children: The Case of Theories of Mind . Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 5(3), 266-276. Oxford University Press (OUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/deafed/5.3.266 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2156528271

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
59. M. DuFeu , P. J. McKenna (1999). Prelingually profoundly deaf schizophrenic patients who hear voices: a phenomenological analysis . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 99(6), 453-459. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb00992.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2054710532

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
60. Lucy Cragg , Kate Nation (2010). Language and the Development of Cognitive Control . Topics in Cognitive Science, 2(4), 631-642. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2009.01080.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2149291445

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
61. Marie Manalili *Autistic author. Learn more… , Amy Pearson *Autistic author. Learn more… , Justin Sulik , Louise Creechan , Mahmoud M. Elsherif , Inika Murkumbi et al. (2023). From Puzzle to Progress: How Engaging With Neurodiversity Can Improve Cognitive Science . Cognitive Science, 47(2), e13255-e13255. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13255 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4321369124

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
62. David M. Williams , Dermot M. Bowler , Christopher Jarrold (2012). Inner speech is used to mediate short-term memory, but not planning, among intellectually high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder . Development and Psychopathology, 24(1), 225-239. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0954579411000794 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2070417861

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
63. John H. Flavell , David R. Beach , Jack M. Chinsky (1966). Spontaneous Verbal Rehearsal in a Memory Task as a Function of Age . Child Development, 37(2), 283. Oxford University Press (OUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/1126804 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2073354886

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
64. Jane S.M. Lidstone , Elizabeth Meins , Charles Fernyhough (2010). The roles of private speech and inner speech in planning during middle childhood: Evidence from a dual task paradigm . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 107(4), 438-451. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.06.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2073078567

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
65. Guy Dodgson , Charlotte Aynsworth , Kaja J. Mitrenga , Chistopher Gibbs , Victoria Patton , Charles Fernyhough et al. (2021). Managing unusual sensory experiences: A feasibility trial in an At Risk Mental States for psychosis group . Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 94(3), 481-503. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/papt.12323 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3110834106

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
66. Tae Twomey , Cathy J. Price , Dafydd Waters , Mairéad MacSweeney (2020). The impact of early language exposure on the neural system supporting language in deaf and hearing adults . NeuroImage, 209, 116411. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116411 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2995955728

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
67. Lucy Holland , Jason Low (2010). Do children with autism use inner speech and visuospatial resources for the service of executive control? Evidence from suppression in dual tasks . British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28(2), 369-391. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1348/026151009x424088 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2087694446

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
68. Hilde M. Geurts , Judith Sinzig , Rhonda Booth , Francesca Happé (2014). Neuropsychological heterogeneity in executive functioning in autism spectrum disorders . International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 60(3), 155-162. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1179/2047387714y.0000000047 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2171891319

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
69. L.H. Phillips (1999). The Role of Memory in the Tower of London Task . Memory, 7(2), 209-231. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/741944066 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2092438731

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
70. Caroline Larson , Ishanti Gangopadhyay , Kathryn Prescott , Margarita Kaushanskaya , Susan Ellis Weismer (2021). Planning in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Role of Verbal Mediation . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(7), 2200-2217. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04639-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3087079507

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
71. Simon McCarthy-Jones , Charles Fernyhough (2011). The varieties of inner speech: Links between quality of inner speech and psychopathological variables in a sample of young adults . Consciousness and Cognition, 20(4), 1586-1593. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.08.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2094736314

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
72. Samuel H. Forbes , Prerna Aneja , Olivia Guest (2024). The myth of normative development . Infant and Child Development, 33(1). Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/icd.2393 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4312118250

    Crossref OpenAlex
73. Kieran C.R. Fox , R. Nathan Spreng , Melissa Ellamil , Jessica R. Andrews-Hanna , Kalina Christoff (2015). The wandering brain: Meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of mind-wandering and related spontaneous thought processes . NeuroImage, 111, 611-621. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.039 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2151466840

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
74. Amy Pearson *Autistic author. Learn more… , Kieran Rose *Autistic author. Learn more… (2021). A Conceptual Analysis of Autistic Masking: Understanding the Narrative of Stigma and the Illusion of Choice . Autism in Adulthood, 3(1), 52-60. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2020.0043 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3121580719

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
75. K. Zimmermann , P. Brugger (2013). Signed Soliloquy: Visible Private Speech . Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 18(2), 261-270. Oxford University Press (OUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/deafed/ens072 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2102265205

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
76. Christopher Gauker (2018). Inner Speech as the Internalization of Outer Speech . Oxford University Press.

    Type: Book DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198796640.003.0003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2896821178

    Crossref OpenAlex
77. K. J. Gilhooly (2004). Working memory and strategies in reasoning . In Methods of Thought (pp. 64-87). Psychology Press.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.4324/9780203503881-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4244963204

    Crossref OpenAlex
78. Giovanni Granato , Anna M. Borghi , Andrea Mattera , Gianluca Baldassarre (2022). A computational model of inner speech supporting flexible goal-directed behaviour in Autism . Scientific Reports, 12(1), 14198-14198. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18445-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4292487264

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
79. Romain Grandchamp , Lucile Rapin , Marcela Perrone-Bertolotti , Cédric Pichat , Célise Haldin , Emilie Cousin et al. (2019). The ConDialInt Model: Condensation, Dialogality, and Intentionality Dimensions of Inner Speech Within a Hierarchical Predictive Control Framework . Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2019-2019. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02019 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2969650498

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
80. Hettie Roebuck , Gary Lupyan (2020). The Internal Representations Questionnaire: Measuring modes of thinking . Behavior Research Methods, 52(5), 2053-2070. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3758/s13428-020-01354-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3012433702

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
81. Isabelle Soulières , Michelle Dawson *Autistic author. Learn more… , Fabienne Samson , Élise B. Barbeau , Chérif P. Sahyoun , Gary Strangman et al. (2009). Enhanced visual processing contributes to matrix reasoning in autism . Human Brain Mapping, 30(12), 4082-4107. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20831 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2141020690

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
82. Peter Langland-Hassan , Christopher Gauker , Michael J. Richardson , Aimee Dietz , Frank R. Faries (2017). Metacognitive deficits in categorization tasks in a population with impaired inner speech . Acta Psychologica, 181, 62-74. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.10.004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2765252943

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
83. Ian Hacking (2009). Autistic autobiography . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1522), 1467-1473. The Royal Society.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0329 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4244526978

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
84. Mark Scott (2013). Corollary Discharge Provides the Sensory Content of Inner Speech . Psychological Science, 24(9), 1824-1830. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0956797613478614 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2143715064

    Crossref OpenAlex
85. Constance Th. W. M. Vissers , Ekaterina Tomas , James Law (2020). The Emergence of Inner Speech and Its Measurement in Atypically Developing Children . Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 279-279. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00279 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3011844687

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
86. Jane S. M. Lidstone , Elizabeth Meins , Charles Fernyhough (2012). Verbal mediation of cognition in children with specific language impairment . Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 651-660. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0954579412000223 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2144346602

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
87. Kristien Hens , Leni Van Goidsenhoven (2023). Developmental diversity: Putting the development back into research about developmental conditions . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 986732-986732. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.986732 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4313621133

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
88. Higashida (2014). The reason i jump: One boy's voice from the silence of autism .

    Type: Other

    Crossref
89. Ross E Mitchell , Michael A Karchmer (2004). Chasing the Mythical Ten Percent: Parental Hearing Status of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in the United States . Sign Language Studies, 4(2), 138-163. Project MUSE.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1353/sls.2004.0005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2152873914

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
90. Zachary J. Williams *Autistic author. Learn more… , Erin E. McKenney , Katherine Gotham (2021). Investigating the structure of trait rumination in autistic adults: A network analysis . Autism, 25(7), 2048-2063. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211012855 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3164807655

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
91. Rebecca Keogh , Joel Pearson (2018). The blind mind: No sensory visual imagery in aphantasia . Cortex, 105, 53-60. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.10.012 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2767113179

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
92. Knight, Kathryn F. , Milton, Fraser , zeman, Adam Zbynek James (2022). Memory without Imagery: No Evidence of Visual Working Memory Impairment in People with Aphantasia . Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 44(44).

    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W6983420339

    Crossref OpenAlex
93. Caroline Larson , Ishanti Gangopadhyay , Margarita Kaushanskaya , Susan Ellis Weismer (2019). The Relationship Between Language and Planning in Children With Language Impairment . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62(8), 2772-2784. American Speech Language Hearing Association.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-l-18-0367 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2964166500

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
94. Elizabeth Pellicano , Jacquiline den Houting *Autistic author. Learn more… (2022). Annual Research Review: Shifting from ‘normal science’ to neurodiversity in autism science . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(4), 381-396. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13534 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3208557763

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
95. Audrey Linden , Lawrence MJ Best , Freya Elise , Danielle Roberts , Aoife Branagan , Yong Boon Ernest Tay et al. (2023). Benefits and harms of interventions to improve anxiety, depression, and other mental health outcomes for autistic people: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials . Autism, 27(1), 7-30. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613221117931 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4291158558

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
96. Elizabeth Pellicano , Jacquiline den Houting *Autistic author. Learn more… , Lee du Plooy , Rozanna Lilley (2019). Knowing autism: The place of experiential expertise . Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 42. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x18002376 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2963454387

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
97. Gary Lupyan , Ryutaro Uchiyama , Bill Thompson , Daniel Casasanto (2022). Hidden Differences in Phenomenal Experience . Center for Open Science.

    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/yfb3h OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4311709797

    Crossref OpenAlex
98. Eloise Stark , Dorota Ali , Annalise Ayre , Naomi Schneider , Sophia Parveen , Keith Marais et al. (2021). Coproduction with Autistic Adults: Reflections from the Authentistic Research Collective . Autism in Adulthood, 3(2), 195-203. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2020.0050 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3112143438

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
99. Merlin Monzel , Annabel Vetterlein , Martin Reuter (2023). No general pathological significance of aphantasia: An evaluation based on criteria for mental disorders . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 64(3), 314-324. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12887 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4310668069

    Crossref OpenAlex
100. Mukhopadhyay (2003). The mind tree: A miraculous child breaks the silence of autism .

     Type: Other

     Crossref
101. Mulvihill (2022). Task difficulty and private speech in typically developing and at-risk preschool children . Journal of Child Language, 1–28.

     Type: Other

     Crossref
102. Daniel Glenn (2022). Neuroqueer Heresies: Notes on the Neurodiversity Paradigm, Autistic Empowerment, and Postnormal Possibilities . World Futures, 78(5), 339-341. Informa UK Limited.

     Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/02604027.2022.2094194 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4285727398

     OpenAlex
103. Vygotsky (1987). Thinking and speech .

     Type: Other

     Crossref
104. Amy S. Walker (2021). Neuroqueer Heresies: Notes on the Neurodiversity Paradigm, Autistic Empowerment, and Postnormal Possibilities . Neuroqueer Heresies: Notes on the Neurodiversity Paradigm, Autistic Empowerment, and Postnormal Possibilities..

     Type: Other

     Crossref
105. Hua Xie , Dustin Moraczewski , Kathryn A. McNaughton , Katherine R. Warnell , Diana Alkire , Junaid S. Merchant et al. (2023). Social reward network connectivity differs between autistic and neurotypical youth during social interaction . bioRxiv. openRxiv.

     Type: Preprint DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.05.543807 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4379746073

     Crossref OpenAlex
106. Winsler (2009). Still talking to ourselves after all these years: A review of current research on private speech .

     Type: Other

     Crossref