Neurodivergence‐informed therapy

Authors

Abstract

The neurodiversity movement is a social movement that emerged among autistic self-advocates. It has since spread and has been joined by many with diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, and developmental coordination disorder among others. By reconceptualizing neurodiversity as part of biodiversity, neurodiversity proponents emphasize the need to develop an 'ecological' society that supports the conservation of neurological minorities through the construction of ecological niches-that is, making space for all. This is an alternative to the drive to eliminate diversity through attempts to 'treat' or 'cure' neurodivergence. So far, neurodiversity theory has not been formally adapted for psychotherapeutic frameworks, and it is not the role of the therapist to make systemic changes to societal organization. Still, there is room for fruitfully drawing on a neurodiversity perspective for therapists working with neurodivergent people in clinical settings. Here, we draw on the example of autism and synthesize three key themes to propose the concept of neurodivergence-informed therapy. First, the reconceptualization of dysfunction as relational rather than individual. Second, the importance of neurodivergence acceptance and pride, and disability community and culture to emancipate neurodivergent people from neuro-normativity. Third, the need for therapists to cultivate a relational epistemic humility regarding different experiences of neurodivergence and disablement.

1. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… (2012). On the ontological status of autism: the ‘double empathy problem’ . Disability & Society, 27(6), 883-887. Informa UK Limited.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2012.710008 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1968949608

   AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
2. Singer J. (1999). Disability discourse . Disability Discourse, 56.

   Type: Other

   Crossref
3. Amandine Catala *Autistic author. Learn more… , Luc Faucher , Pierre Poirier (2021). Autism, epistemic injustice, and epistemic disablement: a relational account of epistemic agency . Synthese, 199(3-4), 9013-9039. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s11229-021-03192-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3163020165

   AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
4. Alan K. Malyon (1982). Psychotherapeutic Implications of Internalized Homophobia in Gay Men . Journal of Homosexuality, 7(2-3), 59-69. Informa UK Limited.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1300/j082v07n02_08 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1978783049

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
5. Walker N. (2012). Loud Hands: Autistic People, Speaking . Loud hands: Autistic people, speaking, 225.

   Type: Other

   Crossref
6. Prado Silván-Ferrero , Patricia Recio , Fernando Molero , Encarnación Nouvilas-Pallejà (2020). Psychological Quality of Life in People with Physical Disability: The Effect of Internalized Stigma, Collective Action and Resilience . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1802. MDPI AG.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051802 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3012349084

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
7. John Parkinson (2014). Gender dysphoria in Asperger’s syndrome: a caution . Australasian Psychiatry, 22(1), 84-85. SAGE Publications.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1039856213497814 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2003793553

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
8. Edmund Sonuga-Barke , Anita Thapar (2021). The neurodiversity concept: is it helpful for clinicians and scientists? The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(7), 559-561. Elsevier BV.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00167-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3160677357

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
9. Tatja Hirvikoski , Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz , Marcus Boman , Henrik Larsson , Paul Lichtenstein , Sven Bölte (2016). Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(3), 232-238. Royal College of Psychiatrists.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.160192 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2168424072

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
10. Jammie Price , Gregory M. Herek (1999). Stigma and Sexual Orientation: Understanding Prejudice against Lesbians, Gay Men and Bisexuals . Contemporary Sociology, 28(2), 172. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/2654854 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2006204430

    OpenAlex
11. Christina Nicolaidis (2012). What Can Physicians Learn from the Neurodiversity Movement? AMA Journal of Ethics, 14(6), 503-510. American Medical Association (AMA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2012.14.6.oped1-1206 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2142098199

    AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
12. Laura Mauldin (2012). Parents of deaf children with cochlear implants: a study of technology and community . Sociology of Health & Illness, 34(4), 529-543. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2011.01401.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2123313539

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
13. Laurent Mottron (2011). The power of autism . Nature, 479(7371), 33-35. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/479033a OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2007171341

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
14. Armstrong T (2011). The power of neurodiversity: unleashing the advantages of your differently wired brain . The Power of Neurodiversity: Unleashing the Advantages of your Differently Wired Brain.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
15. Malcolm Learmonth , Kathy Gibson (2010). Art psychotherapy, disability issues, mental health, trauma and resilience: ‘Things and people’ . International Journal of Art Therapy, 15(2), 53-64. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/17454832.2010.523880 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2070965672

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
16. Ruth Glynne-Owen (2010). Early Intervention and Autism: The Impact of Positivism and the Call for Change . The International Journal of Children's Rights, 18(3), 405-416. Walter de Gruyter GmbH.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1163/157181810x497431 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2068670125

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
17. Singer J. (2017). Neurodiversity;: The Birth of an Idea . Neurodiversity: The birth of an idea.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
18. Romy Hume (2022). Show Me the Real You: Enhanced Expression of Rogerian Conditions in Therapeutic Relationship Building with Autistic Adults . Autism in Adulthood, 4(2), 151-163. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2021.0065 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4210734105

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
19. Simon M. Bury , Rachel Jellett , Jennifer R. Spoor , Darren Hedley (2023). “It Defines Who I Am” or “It’s Something I Have”: What Language Do [Autistic] Australian Adults [on the Autism Spectrum] Prefer? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(2), 677-687. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04425-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3007056653

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
20. Kate Cooper , Laura G. E. Smith , Ailsa Russell (2017). Social identity, self‐esteem, and mental health in autism . European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(7), 844-854. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2297 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2593228649

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
21. Adam D. Galinsky , Cynthia S. Wang , Jennifer A. Whitson , Eric M. Anicich , Kurt Hugenberg , Galen V. Bodenhausen (2013). The Reappropriation of Stigmatizing Labels . Psychological Science, 24(10), 2020-2029. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0956797613482943 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2097590161

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
22. Lorcan Kenny , Caroline Hattersley , Bonnie Molins , Carole Buckley , Carol Povey , Elizabeth Pellicano (2016). Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community . Autism, 20(4), 442-462. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361315588200 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2227393071

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
23. Rachael Davis , Catherine J. Crompton (2021). What Do New Findings About Social Interaction in Autistic Adults Mean for Neurodevelopmental Research? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(3), 649-653. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1745691620958010 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3126209166

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
24. David M. Frost , Ilan H. Meyer (2012). Measuring Community Connectedness among Diverse Sexual Minority Populations . The Journal of Sex Research, 49(1), 36-49. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2011.565427 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2117825894

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
25. Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… , Jacqueline Hanlon , Gemma Williams *Autistic author. Learn more… (2023). Does Language Matter? Identity-First Versus Person-First Language Use in Autism Research: A Response to Vivanti . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(2), 870-878. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04858-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3125099730

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
26. Kristen Bottema‐Beutel , Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… , Jessica Nina Lester , Noah J. Sasson , Brittany N. Hand (2021). Avoiding Ableist Language: Suggestions for Autism Researchers . Autism in Adulthood, 3(1), 18-29. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2020.0014 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3083347663

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
27. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… (2014). Autistic expertise: A critical reflection on the production of knowledge in autism studies . Autism, 18(7), 794-802. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361314525281 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2122352988

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
28. Uta Frith , Francesca Happé (1999). Theory of Mind and Self‐Consciousness: What Is It Like to Be Autistic? Mind & Language, 14(1), 82-89. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1468-0017.00100 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2143084649

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
29. Jack Drescher (2015). Out of DSM: Depathologizing Homosexuality . Behavioral Sciences, 5(4), 565-575. MDPI AG.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/bs5040565 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2183304066

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
30. J O Renty , Herbert Roeyers (2006). Quality of life in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 10(5), 511-524. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361306066604 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2126485481

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
31. Johnson ML (2012). The Unthinkable Though of Borderline Pride [Internet] . The Unthinkable Though of Borderline Pride [Internet].

    Type: Other

    Crossref
32. Nikko S. Da Paz , Bryna Siegel , Michael A. Coccia , Elissa S. Epel (2018). Acceptance or Despair? Maternal Adjustment to Having a Child Diagnosed with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(6), 1971-1981. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3450-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2782297552

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
33. Meng-Chuan Lai , Caroline Kassee , Richard Besney , Sarah Bonato , Laura Hull , Will Mandy et al. (2019). Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis . The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(10), 819-829. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30289-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2936336589

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
34. Bonnie Evans (2013). How autism became autism . History of the Human Sciences, 26(3), 3-31. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0952695113484320 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2172112531

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
35. Martijn Dekker *Autistic author. Learn more… (2020). From Exclusion to Acceptance: Independent Living on the Autistic Spectrum . In Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement (pp. 41-49). Springer Singapore.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0_3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2985680735

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
36. Robert Chapman *Autistic author. Learn more… (2019). Neurodiversity Theory and Its Discontents: Autism, Schizophrenia, and the Social Model of Disability . In The Bloomsbury Companion to Philosophy of Psychiatry (pp. 371-390). Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.5040/9781350024090.ch-018 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2964791169

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
37. Neurodiversity Blume H. (1998). The Atlantic [Internet] . The Atlantic [Internet].

    Type: Other

    Crossref
38. Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… , David M. Frost (2020). Extending the Minority Stress Model to Understand Mental Health Problems Experienced by the Autistic Population . Society and Mental Health, 10(1), 20-34. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/2156869318804297 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2896204132

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
39. Sarah Cassidy , Louise Bradley , Rebecca Shaw , Simon Baron-Cohen (2018). Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults . Molecular Autism, 9(1), 42. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2887488849

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
40. Derek Glidden , Walter Pierre Bouman , Bethany A. Jones , Jon Arcelus (2016). Gender Dysphoria and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature . Sexual Medicine Reviews, 4(1), 3-14. Oxford University Press (OUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2015.10.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2239388944

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
41. Aron Janssen , Howard Huang , Christina Duncan (2016). Gender Variance Among Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Retrospective Chart Review . Transgender Health, 1(1), 63-68. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/trgh.2015.0007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2282961527

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
42. Barnhart G (2017). Clinician Perspectives of Adult High-Functioning Autism Support Groups’ Use of Neurodiversity Concept . Journal of Neurology and Neurological Disorders, 3(1), 3. Annex Publishers, LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.15744/2454-4981.3.106 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2405302405

    Crossref OpenAlex
43. Nancy Doyle (2020). Neurodiversity at work: a biopsychosocial model and the impact on working adults . British Medical Bulletin, 135(1), 108-125. Oxford University Press (OUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldaa021 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3091645723

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
44. Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… , Bridget Dibb , David M. Frost (2022). "Autism is me": an investigation of how autistic individuals make sense of autism and stigma . Disability & Society, 37(3), 427-453. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2020.1822782 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3092648145

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
45. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… , Tara Sims (2016). How is a sense of well-being and belonging constructed in the accounts of autistic adults? Disability & Society, 31(4), 520-534. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2016.1186529 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2415653571

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
46. Robert Chapman *Autistic author. Learn more… (2021). Neurodiversity and the Social Ecology of Mental Functions . Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), 1360-1372. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1745691620959833 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3126691317

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
47. Ilan H. Meyer , Laura Dean *Autistic author. Learn more… (1998). Internalized Homophobia, Intimacy, and Sexual Behavior among Gay and Bisexual Men . In Stigma and Sexual Orientation: Understanding Prejudice against Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals (pp. 160-186). SAGE Publications, Inc..

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.4135/9781452243818.n8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2483143899

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
48. Harding SG (1986). The science question in feminism . The science question in feminism, 271.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
49. Ginny Russell (2020). Critiques of the Neurodiversity Movement . In Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement (pp. 287-303). Springer Singapore.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0_21 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2986569042

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
50. Kristen Gillespie-Lynch , Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… , Patricia J. Brooks , Jonathan Pickens , Ben Schwartzman (2017). Whose Expertise Is It? Evidence for Autistic Adults as Critical Autism Experts . Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 438-438. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00438 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2601691194

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
51. Petra Kuppers (2014). Discourses of Disability . In Studying Disability Arts and Culture (pp. 21-40). Macmillan Education UK.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-1-137-41344-4_3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2610626732

    OpenAlex
52. Varun Warrier , David M. Greenberg , Elizabeth M Weir , Clara Buckingham , Paula Smith , Meng-Chuan Lai et al. (2020). Elevated rates of autism, other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diagnoses, and autistic traits in transgender and gender-diverse individuals . Nature Communications, 11(1), 3959-3959. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17794-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3048303946

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
53. Eilidh Cage , Jessica Di Monaco , Victoria Newell (2018). Experiences of Autism Acceptance and Mental Health in Autistic Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(2), 473-484. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3342-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2766434912

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
54. Rachel Nuwer (2020). Meet the autistic scientists redefining autism research . Spectrum. Simons Foundation.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.53053/popk3874 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4285722269

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
55. Walker N. (2014). Neurotypical Psychotherapists & Autistic Clients [Internet] . Neuroqueer..

    Type: Other

    Crossref
56. Hallett S (2020). Autistic Mutual Aid Society Edinburgh . Autistic Mutual Aid Society Edinburgh.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
57. Robert Chapman *Autistic author. Learn more… , Virginia Bovell (2022). Neurodiversity, Advocacy, Anti-Therapy . In Autism and Child Psychopathology Series (pp. 1519-1536). Springer International Publishing.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_67 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4302366743

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
58. Elizabeth Barnes (2016). The Minority Body . Oxford University PressOxford.

    Type: Book DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198732587.001.0001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2481966794

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
59. Kristin Waters (1987). The science question in feminism . Women's Studies International Forum, 10(6), 635-636. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/0277-5395(87)90077-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2937976438

    OpenAlex
60. (2019). The Bloomsbury Companion to Philosophy of Psychiatry . Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.

    Type: Book DOI: 10.5040/9781350024090 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2964705466

    OpenAlex
61. Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… , Ari Ne'eman *Autistic author. Learn more… (2020). Lobbying Autism’s Diagnostic Revision in the DSM-5 . In Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement (pp. 167-194). Springer Singapore.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0_13 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2985343932

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
62. Robert Chapman *Autistic author. Learn more… (2020). The reality of autism: On the metaphysics of disorder and diversity . Philosophical Psychology, 33(6), 799-819. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2020.1751103 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2971749818

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex
63. Ho A. (2011). Trusting experts and epistemic humility in disability. IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to . Bioethics., 4(2), 102.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
64. Sinclair (1993). Toronto: Autism Network International . Toronto: Autism Network International.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
65. Daniel A. Wilkenfeld *Autistic author. Learn more… , Allison M. McCarthy (2020). Ethical Concerns with Applied Behavior Analysis for Autism Spectrum “Disorder” . Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 30(1), 31-69. Project MUSE.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1353/ken.2020.0000 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3019405983

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
66. Booth, Janine (2016). Autism equality in the workplace removing barriers and challenging discrimination . Autism equality in the workplace: Removing barriers and challenging discrimination.

    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W7036137802

    Crossref
67. Chapman R. (2020). Neurotype Dysphoria . Psychology Today.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
68. Anna Trakoli (2021). Autism Equality in the Workplace. Removing Barriers and Challenging Discrimination . Occupational Medicine, 71(1), 48-48. Oxford University Press (OUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa041 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3128901946

    OpenAlex
69. Kim C. (2013). Autism as a Reclaimed Word [Internet] . Musings of an Aspie.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
70. Parsloe SM (2015). Discourses of Disability . Narratives of Community: Reclaiming an Autistic Identity Online. null., 43(3), 336.

    Type: Other

    Crossref