Variété neurocognitive dans des environnements neurotypiques : la source du « déficit » dans l'autisme

Titre original en anglais : Neurocognitive Variety in Neurotypical Environments: The Source of “Deficit” in Autism

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Legault, M., Bourdon, J. N., & Poirier, P. (2019). Neurocognitive Variety in Neurotypical Environments: The Source of “Deficit” in Autism. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, 09(06), 246-272. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbbs.2019.96019

Date de publication: 01/01/2019 Ajout dans AutiHub: 06/07/2026 Type: Article Langue de l’article: Anglais
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Auteurs

Auteur·ices des publications
3
Auteur·ices de la publication identifié·es comme autistes
1 / 3 (33,3 %)
  1. Mylène Legault *
  2. Jean-Nicolas Bourdon
  3. Pierre Poirier

Résumé

Alors que les développements récents de la recherche sur l'autisme proposent des explications alternatives aux options dominantes, on peut désormais soutenir que les soi-disant déficits cognitifs dans le domaine social associés à l'autisme ont été mal caractérisés ou, du moins, simplifiés à l'excès. Nous utiliserons des modèles prédictifs au sein d'une conception 4E (c'est-à-dire incarnée, enchâssée, énactive et étendue) de la cognition pour aborder la question de l'altération cognitive en psychiatrie et dans l'autisme. De tels modèles nous obligent à réévaluer ce que signifie « déficit cognitif » en intégrant l'environnement non seulement dans son sens habituel (évo-développemental), mais en comprenant toutes les performances cognitives comme enchâssées dans des environnements (ou champs d'affordances) qui les façonnent et les soutiennent. En adoptant une perspective prédictive 4E, nous visons à montrer que les « déficits cognitifs » associés à l'autisme sont en réalité des inadéquations entre les ressources environnementales et la forme particulière de fonctionnement neurologique des personnes autistes (neurodiversité), dues au fait que les niches culturelles qui mettent en place les champs d'affordances pertinents sont structurées par et pour les personnes neurotypiques. Cette inadéquation conduit à des injustices épistémiques, à la fois testimoniales et herméneutiques, qui rétroagissent sur la recherche sur l'autisme et les approches cliniques, faisant ainsi apparaître les « déficits » comme fondés sur des insuffisances individuelles. Dans ce contexte, les interventions relatives à l'autisme devraient en partie se concentrer sur l'élaboration de politiques sociales visant à modifier les aspects des niches culturelles qui rendent les environnements inadaptés au plein développement de tous les individus.

As recent developments in autism research offer alternative explanations to the mainstream options, it can now be argued that the so-called cognitive deficits in the social domain associated with autism have been mischaracterized or, at least, oversimplified. We will use predictive models within a 4E (i.e., embodied, embedded, enactive and extended) conception of cognition to address the question of cognitive impairment in psychiatrics and autism. Such models force us to reassess what “cognitive deficit” means by integrating the environment not only in its usual sense (evo-developmental), but by understanding all cognitive performances as embedded in environments (or fields of affordances) that shape and sustain them. By adopting a predictive 4E perspective, we aim to show that the “cognitive deficits” associated with autism are in fact mismatches between environmental resources and the particular form of neurological functioning of autistic people (neurodiversity), brought about by the fact that the cultural niches that set up the relevant fields of affordances are structured by and for neurotypicals. This mismatch leads to epistemic injustices, both testimonial and hermeneutic, that feed back into research on autism and clinical approaches, thereby making the “deficits” appear based on individual shortcomings. In this context, autism interventions should partly focus on the development of social policies aimed at modifying those aspects of cultural niches that make environments unsuitable for the full development of all individuals.

Bibliographie citée par cette référence

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Vue d’ensemble de l’inclusion dans la bibliographie

Ces indicateurs décrivent la bibliographie citée importée pour cette publication. Les métriques de références citées utilisent le total des références citées comme dénominateur. Les métriques d’auteurices cité·es indiquent si elles utilisent toutes les occurrences d’auteurices cité·es ou seulement les occurrences rattachées à des auteurices déjà intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub. Ils utilisent les rattachements mis en cache entre les auteurices cité·es et les auteurices intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub. Dernier calcul : 16/08/2026 11:30.

Références citées
73
Nombre total de références citées intégrées pour cette publication.
Références citées avec un·e auteur·ice identifié·e comme autiste
3 / 73 (4,1 %)
Occurrences d’auteur·ices cité·es identifié·es comme autistes
3 / 131 (2,3 %)
Parmi les occurrences rattachées à des auteurices intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub : 3 / 32 (9,4 %). Auteurices cité·es distinct·es identifié·es comme autistes : 3 / 116 (2,6 %).
Occurrences citées rattachées à la base AutiHub
32 / 131 (24,4 %)
Auteurices cité·es distinct·es rattaché·es : 26 / 116 (22,4 %)
Occurrences rattachées, non identifiées comme autistes
29 / 32 (90,6 %)
Parmi les seules occurrences rattachées. Sur l’ensemble des occurrences d’auteurices cité·es : 29 / 131 (22,1 %). Auteurices cité·es distinct·es rattaché·es, non identifié·es comme autistes : 23 / 26 (88,5 %).
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