Self-reported sex differences in high-functioning adults with autism: a meta-analysis

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Moseley, R., Hitchiner, R., & Kirkby, J. A. (2018). Self-reported sex differences in high-functioning adults with autism: a meta-analysis. Molecular Autism, 9(1), 33-33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0216-6

Publication date: 18 May 2018 Added to AutiHub: 6 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
3
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 3 (33.3%)
  1. Rachel Moseley *
  2. R. Hitchiner
  3. Julie A. Kirkby

Abstract

Background: Sex differences in autistic symptomatology are believed to contribute to the mis- and missed diagnosis of many girls and women with an autism spectrum condition (ASC). Whilst recent years have seen the emergence of clinical and empirical reports delineating the profile of young autistic girls, recognition of sex differences in symptomatology in adulthood is far more limited. Methods: We chose here to focus on symptomatology as reported using a screening instrument, the Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R). In a meta-analysis, we pooled and analysed RAADS-R data from a number of experimental groups. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) searched for the presence of main effects of Sex and Diagnosis and for interactions between these factors in our sample of autistic and non-autistic adults. Results: In social relatedness and circumscribed interests, main effects of Diagnosis revealed that as expected, autistic adults reported significantly greater lifetime prevalence of symptoms in these domains; an effect of Sex, in circumscribed interests, also suggested that males generally reported more prevalent symptoms than females. An interaction of Sex and Diagnosis in language symptomatology revealed that a normative sex difference in language difficulties was attenuated in autism. An interaction of Sex and Diagnosis in the sensorimotor domain revealed the opposite picture: a lack of sex differences between typically developing men and women and a greater prevalence of sensorimotor symptoms in autistic women than autistic men. Conclusions: We discuss the literature on childhood sex differences in relation to those which emerged in our adult sample. Where childhood sex differences fail to persist in adulthood, several interpretations exist, and we discuss, for example, an inherent sampling bias that may mean that only autistic women most similar to the male presentation are diagnosed. The finding that sensorimotor symptomatology is more highly reported by autistic women is a finding requiring objective confirmation, given its potential importance in diagnosis.

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Cited references
109
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
3 / 109 (2.8%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
3 / 550 (0.5%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 3 / 158 (1.9%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 3 / 458 (0.7%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
158 / 550 (28.7%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 93 / 458 (20.3%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
155 / 158 (98.1%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 155 / 550 (28.2%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 90 / 93 (96.8%).
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