Autistic SPACE(S) in Social Work

Guthrie, J., Doherty, M., Shaw, S. C. K., O’Reilly, M., Chinnéide, E. N., & Archard, P. J. (2024). Autistic SPACE(S) in Social Work. Practice, 37(3), 213-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/09503153.2024.2423405

Publication date: 13 Nov 2024 Added to AutiHub: 5 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
6
Publication authors identified as autistic
3 / 6 (50.0%)

Abstract

Social work has a vital role to play in supporting Autistic people of all ages. Whether in facilitating access to other services, such as housing, enhancing quality of life, or in a safeguarding capacity, social workers have a legal and moral responsibility to ensure their practice ensures full, equitable involvement of Autistic people. Regrettably, research evidence indicates practice is not always inclusive and can fall short in responding effectively to Autistic people’s needs. This article adds to recent UK practice guidance and social work scholarship concerning social work and autism. It does so by introducing a framework developed by Autistic doctors for meeting Autistic people’s needs in medical settings known as ‘Autistic SPACE’ and exploring how it could be used for social work contexts. The five core autistic needs recognised in the SPACE framework are addressed, i.e. Sensory, Predictability, Acceptance, Communication and Empathy. How a practice-near social work perspective may aid in developing the framework further is also considered, extending the acronym from SPACE to SPACES to highlight the significance of Social Safety and Support.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Bibliography inclusion overview

These indicators describe the cited bibliography imported for this publication. Cited-reference metrics use the cited-reference total as denominator. Cited-author metrics state whether they use all cited-author occurrences or only occurrences linked to authors already integrated in the AutiHub database. They use cached links between cited authors and authors integrated in the AutiHub database. Last computed: 16 Aug 2026 11:30.

Cited references
79
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
9 / 79 (11.4%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
16 / 154 (10.4%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 16 / 45 (35.6%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 12 / 143 (8.4%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
45 / 154 (29.2%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 35 / 143 (24.5%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
29 / 45 (64.4%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 29 / 154 (18.8%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 23 / 35 (65.7%).
  1. Timucin Altin , Ozgur Ozcan , Sibel Turhan , Aydan Ongun Ozdemir , Omer Akyurek , Remzi Karaoguz et al. (2007). Torsade de pointes associated with moxifloxacin: A rare but potentially fatal adverse event . In Canadian Journal of Cardiology (pp. 907-908). Elsevier BV.
    OpenAlex
  2. (n.d.). Autism Act 2009. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/15/contents
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  3. Samuel J. Tromans , Alison Drewett , Paul H. Lee , Michelle O’Reilly (2023). A survey of the workplace experiences of police force employees who are autistic and/or have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . BJPsych Open, 9(4), e123-e123. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Graham Music (2010). Nurturing Natures: Attachment and Children's Emotional, Sociocultural and Brain Development .
    Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1796924072
    OpenAlex
  5. (n.d.). Autism Act (Northern Ireland) 2011. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nia/2011/27/pdfs/nia_20110027_en.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  6. Sue Fletcher‐Watson , Francesca Happé (2019). Autism . Routledge.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Andrew Cooper (2009). Hearing the grass grow: Emotional and epistemological challenges of practice-near research . Journal of Social Work Practice, 23(4), 429-442. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Berney T. (2022). Intellectual Disabilities: Toward Inclusion . Intellectual Disabilities: Toward Inclusion.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  9. Isabel Goodwin (2003). The relevance of attachment theory to the philosophy, organization, and practice of adult mental health care . Clinical Psychology Review, 23(1), 35-56. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… (2012). On the ontological status of autism: the ‘double empathy problem’ . Disability & Society, 27(6), 883-887. Informa UK Limited.
    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. (n.d.). British Association of Social Workers 2019. “The Capabilities Statement For Social Work With Autistic Adults.” https://new.basw.co.uk/policy-practice/working/autistic-people/capabilities-statement-social-work-autistic-adults
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  12. Chloe Walsh , Sinéad Lydon , Emily O’Dowd , Paul O’Connor (2020). Barriers to Healthcare for Persons with Autism: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Development of A Taxonomy . Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 23(7), 413-430. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. British Association of Social Workers (2022). Social Work with Autistic People: A BASW Practice Guide . Social Work with Autistic People: A BASW Practice Guide.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  14. Jenni Guthrie *Autistic author. Learn more… (2023). Swimming with the Current But against the Tide: Reflections of an Autistic Social Worker . The British Journal of Social Work, 53(3), 1700-1710. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Silke Birgitta Gahleitner (2013). Relationship-based Social Work: Getting to the Heart of Practice . European Journal of Social Work, 16(2), 301-303. Informa UK Limited.
    OpenAlex
  16. Ballatt J. (2011). Intelligent Kindness: Reforming the Culture of Healthcare . Intelligent Kindness: Reforming the Culture of Healthcare.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  17. Michelle Cleary , Sancia West , Rachel Kornhaber , Catherine Hungerford (2023). Autism, Discrimination and Masking: Disrupting a Recipe for Trauma . Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 44(9), 799-808. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Joyce Davidson , Victoria L. Henderson (2010). ‘Coming out’ on the spectrum: autism, identity and disclosure . Social & Cultural Geography, 11(2), 155-170. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Katy Johanna Benson (2023). Perplexing Presentations: Compulsory Neuronormativity and Cognitive Marginalisation in Social Work Practice with Autistic Mothers of Autistic Children . The British Journal of Social Work, 53(3), 1445-1464. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Randall A. Phelps , Jason M. Fogler (2018). Tangled Roots and Ramifications: The Early Histories of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Reactive Attachment Disorder . In Trauma, Autism, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders (pp. 5-18). Springer International Publishing.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Jeremy Holmes (2013). Nurturing natures. Attachment and children's emotional, sociocultural and brain development . Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 27(1), 91-94. Informa UK Limited.
    OpenAlex
  22. Lauren Bishop-Fitzpatrick , Sarah Dababnah , Mary Baker-Ericzén , Matthew J. Smith , Sandra M. Magaña (2019). Autism spectrum disorder and the science of social work: A grand challenge for social work research . Social Work in Mental Health, 17(1), 73-92. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Peter Fonagy , Elizabeth Allison (2014). The role of mentalizing and epistemic trust in the therapeutic relationship. Psychotherapy, 51(3), 372-380. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/a0036505 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2077901520
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Se Kwang Hwang , Philip Heslop (2023). Autistic Parents’ Personal Experiences of Parenting and Support: Messages from an Online Focus Group . The British Journal of Social Work, 53(1), 276-295. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Sandra Bucci , Nicola H. Roberts , Adam N. Danquah , Katherine Berry (2015). Using attachment theory to inform the design and delivery of mental health services: A systematic review of the literature . Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 88(1), 1-20. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Romy Hume (2022). Show Me the Real You: Enhanced Expression of Rogerian Conditions in Therapeutic Relationship Building with Autistic Adults . Autism in Adulthood, 4(2), 151-163. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Rebecca M. Jones (2014). The Best of Times, the Worst of Times: Social Work and Its Moment . British Journal of Social Work, 44(3), 485-502. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Valerie D'Astous , Jill Manthorpe , Karen Lowton , Karen Glaser (2016). Retracing the Historical Social Care Context of Autism: A Narrative Overview . British Journal of Social Work, 46(3), 789-807. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Robert Chapman *Autistic author. Learn more… (2023). Empire of Normality . Pluto Press.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Miranda Fricker (2017). Evolving Concepts of Epistemic Injustice . In The Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Injustice (pp. 53-60). Routledge.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.4324/9781315212043-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2597520020
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Penelope Campling , John Ballatt (2012). Intelligent Kindness - Reforming the Culture of Healthcare . FORUM, (5), 19-37. Franco Angeli.
    OpenAlex
  32. Robert Chapman *Autistic author. Learn more… , Havi Carel (2022). Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life . Journal of Social Philosophy, 53(4), 614-631. Wiley.
    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Éilis Long (2023). “Difference which makes a difference” (Bateson, 1972): how the neurodiversity paradigm and systemic approaches can support individuals and organisations to facilitate more helpful conversations about autism . Journal of Social Work Practice, 37(1), 109-118. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Bonnie Evans (2013). How autism became autism . History of the Human Sciences, 26(3), 3-31. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Filippo Cieri , Roberto Esposito (2019). Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience: The Bridge Between Mind and Brain . Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1790-1790. Frontiers Media SA.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Freya Rumball , Francesca Happé , Nick Grey (2020). Experience of Trauma and PTSD Symptoms in Autistic Adults: Risk of PTSD Development Following DSM ‐5 and Non‐DSM ‐5 Traumatic Life Events . Autism Research, 13(12), 2122-2132. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2306 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3016541693
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Kathryn Munroe , Linda Hammond , Susanna Cole (2016). The experiences of African immigrant mothers living in the United Kingdom with a child diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder: an interpretive phenomenological analysis . Disability & Society, 31(6), 798-819. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. Michelle O’Reilly , Jessica Nina Lester , Nikki Kiyimba (2020). Autism in the Twentieth Century: An Evolution of a Controversial Condition . In Mental Health in Historical Perspective (pp. 137-165). Springer International Publishing.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Fiona Fox , Nura Aabe , Katrina Turner , Sabi Redwood , Dheeraj Rai (2017). “It was like walking without knowing where I was going”: A Qualitative Study of Autism in a UK Somali Migrant Community . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(2), 305-315. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. (n.d.). Clements L. and A. L. Aeillo. 2023. “The Prevalence and Impact of Allegations of Fabricated Or Induced Illness (FII).” University of Leeds/Cerebra. https://cerebra.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/FII-Final-report-2023-Nov-01.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  41. David Ariel Sher , Jenny L Gibson , Hannah Ella Sher (2022). ‘We’ve come a very, very, long way’ Overcoming stigma of autism: An interpretative phenomenological analysis within the UK Jewish community . Autism, 26(8), 2066-2083. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Silvana Unigwe , Carole Buckley , Laura Crane , Lorcan Kenny , Anna Remington , Elizabeth Pellicano (2017). GPs’ confidence in caring for their patients on the autism spectrum: an online self-report study . British Journal of General Practice, 67(659), e445-e452. Royal College of General Practitioners.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Cooper A. (2018). Relationship-Based Social Work: Getting to the Heart of Practice . Relationship-Based Social Work: Getting to the Heart of Practice.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  44. Stephanie Petty , Amelie Trickett , Kyra Thompson , Rebeka Garbutt , Mollie Saunders (2023). Revising our understanding of emotional distress for autistic adults; call for research . Current Psychology, 42(25), 21518-21521. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. Elizabeth Kathryn Hobbs , Nikki Evans (2017). Social work perceptions and identity: How social workers perceive public and professional attitudes towards their vocation and discipline . Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work, 29(4), 19-31. University of Otago Library.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. Amal M Hussein , Elizabeth Pellicano , Laura Crane (2019). Understanding and awareness of autism among Somali parents living in the United Kingdom . Autism, 23(6), 1408-1418. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Angela Sweeney , Beth Filson , Angela Kennedy , Lucie Collinson , Steve Gillard (2018). A paradigm shift: relationships in trauma-informed mental health services . BJPsych Advances, 24(5), 319-333. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. (n.d.). Department of Health and Social Care 2021. “A Spectrum of Opportunity: An Exploratory Study of Social Work Practice with Autistic Young Adults and Their Families.” https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/social-work-and-autistic-young-people-anexploratory-study/a-spectrum-of-opportunity-an-exploratory-study-of-social-work-practice-with-autistic-young-adults-and-their-families#recommendations
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  49. (n.d.). Department for Work and Pensions 2023. “Official statistics: Employment of disabled people 2022.” https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/the-employment-of-disabled-people-2022/employment-of-disabled-people-2022
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  50. (n.d.). Department of Health 2015. “Statutory Guidance For Local Authorities and NHS Organisations to Support Implementation of the Adult Autism Strategy.” https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7f7b68e5274a2e87db61e5/autism-guidance.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  51. Romy Hume , Henry Burgess (2021). “I'm Human After All”: Autism, Trauma, and Affective Empathy . Autism in Adulthood, 3(3), 221-229. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. (n.d.). Drakeley Y. 2022. “What Happens Next? 2022. a Report On the Outcomes of 2019 Disabled Graduates.” The Association of Graduate Careers Advisory Services. https://www.agcas.org.uk/write/MediaUploads/Resources/Research%20and%20knowledge/WHN_2022.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  53. Dunn Y. (2020). Social Work with Autistic People . Social Work with Autistic People.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  54. Paul McCafferty , Judith McCutcheon (2021). Parenting a Child with Autism: Considering the Stresses, Supports and Implications for Social Work Practice . Child Care in Practice, 27(4), 389-405. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Deborah Edwards , Lisa Trigg , Judith Carrier , Alison Cooper , Judit Csontos , Jon Day et al. (2022). A rapid review of innovations for attraction, recruitment and retention of social care workers, and exploration of factors influencing turnover within the UK context . Journal of Long Term Care, 205-221. LSE Press.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  56. Rob George , Laura Crane , Anna Remington (2020). ‘Our normal is different’: autistic adults’ experiences of the family courts . Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 42(2), 204-220. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Desiree R. Jones , Kilee M. DeBrabander , Noah J. Sasson (2021). Effects of autism acceptance training on explicit and implicit biases toward autism . Autism, 25(5), 1246-1261. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  58. (n.d.). Fulton R. E. Reardon R. Kate and R. Jones. 2020. “Sensory Trauma: Autism Sensory Difference and the Daily Experience of Fear.” https://ndconnection.co.uk/resources/p/sensory-trauma-autism-sensory-difference-and-the-daily-experience-of-fear
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  59. Gemma North (2023). Reconceptualising ‘reasonable adjustments’ for the successful employment of autistic women . Disability & Society, 38(6), 944-962. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  60. (n.d.). Garratt K. L. Abreu D. Foster R. Long J. Lewis A. Powell F. Hobson J. Beard E. Kirk-Wade and S. Danechi. 2024. “Autism: Overview of Policy and Services.” https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7172/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  61. Alice Turnock , Kate Langley , Catherine R.G. Jones (2022). Understanding Stigma in Autism: A Narrative Review and Theoretical Model . Autism in Adulthood, 4(1), 76-91. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  62. (n.d.). Gurau O. and A. Bacchoo. 2022. “Anti-Racism Report.” https://whatworks-csc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/WWCSC_SWE_PSWN_Anti-Racism_Full_Report_March2022.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  63. (n.d.). Health and Care Act 2022. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2022/31/contents/enacted
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  64. Jo Williams (2023). Supervision as a secure base: the role of attachment theory within the emotional and psycho-social landscape of social work supervision . Journal of Social Work Practice, 37(3), 309-323. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  65. Philip Heslop , Matthew Bushell (2023). Reporting Findings from an Exploratory Study of Social Workers’ Perceptions about autism Training . The British Journal of Social Work, 53(6), 3218-3236. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  66. Daniel Glenn (2022). Neuroqueer Heresies: Notes on the Neurodiversity Paradigm, Autistic Empowerment, and Postnormal Possibilities . World Futures, 78(5), 339-341. Informa UK Limited.
    OpenAlex
  67. Hannah Smith , l. Parish-Mackin , R. Wise (2024). Towards a psychosocial formulation of newly qualified social worker supervision: bringing the self into supervision . Journal of Social Work Practice, 38(1), 21-34. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  68. Music G. (2024). Nurturing Natures: Attachment and Children’s Emotional, Sociocultural and Brain Development . Nurturing Natures: Attachment and Children’s Emotional, Sociocultural and Brain Development.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  69. Walker, Nick (2021). Neuroqueer heresies notes on the neurodiversity paradigm, autistic empowerment, and postnormal possibilities . Neuroqueer heresies: Notes on the neurodiversity paradigm, autistic empowerment, and postnormal possibilities.
    Type: Other OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W7011697317
    Crossref OpenAlex
  70. (n.d.). Scottish Government 2018. “The Scottish Strategy For Autism: Outcomes and Priorities 2018-2021.” https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-strategy-autism-outcomes-priorities-2018-2021/documents/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  71. (n.d.). Urbistondo Cano F. 2021. “Autism and Learning Disabilities: Developing a Relationship-Centred Approach for Support Workers in Social Care.” Unpublished doctoral diss. University of Bedfordshire.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  72. (n.d.). Welsh Government 2021. “Code of Practice On the Delivery of Autism Services.” https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2021-07/code-of-practice-on-the-delivery-of-autism-services.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref