Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life

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Chapman, R. & Carel, H. (2022). Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life. Journal of Social Philosophy, 53(4), 614-631. https://doi.org/10.1111/josp.12456

Publication date: 1 Mar 2022 Added to AutiHub: 5 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

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2
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1 / 2 (50.0%)
  1. Robert Chapman *
  2. Havi Carel

Abstract

Epistemic injustice refers to harms that relate specifically to our status as epistemic agents, whereby our status as knowers, interpreters, and providers of information, is unduly diminished or stifled in a way that undermines the agent's agency and dignity. The concept was defined by Miranda Fricker (2007), who identifies two key forms of epistemic injustice. The first is testimonial injustice, which refers to cases where testimony is unduly dismissed because of prejudiced beliefs regarding minority groups. Hermeneutical injustice refers to cases where a community's shared vocabularies have been structured in a way that unfairly distorts or stifles understanding for, and of, a minority group. In each case, there is an instance of people being harmed specifically in their capacity as knowers: individuals capable of knowing or providing knowledge. Much work on epistemic injustice has identified the operation of negative stereotypes relating to gender and race; for instance, when someone's testimony is dismissed, doubted, or accorded low credibility due to racist or sexist prejudices on the part of the listener (Dotson, 2011; Fricker, 2007; Kidd et al., 2017; Medina, 2013). But in recent years research has drawn attention to epistemic injustice in healthcare generally, and more specifically within psychiatry, pediatrics, and among people with disabilities (Blease et al., 2016; Carel & Kidd, 2014; Crichton et al., 2016; Kidd & Carel, 2016, 2019; Potter, 2015). What has been revealed is the systematic stifling of the voices and interpretive tools available to both ill and disabled persons: in particular, their information providing, testimonies, and interpretations. These types of epistemic injustice have been associated with the medical deficit model that dominates much of medical and psychiatric discourse (Kidd & Carel, 2018, 2019). Moreover, physically disabled persons' claims that they are happy and living good lives have also been dismissed due to prejudices about the possibility of living well whilst disabled (Blease et al., 2016; Carel, 2016, ch. 6). Our interest here is in the possibility that epistemic injustice may stifle forms of flourishing or routes to wellbeing among individuals with neurodivergent disabilities. Here we will focus on one particular disability, namely autism, but we also suggest that this may shed light on the more general issue when it comes to other cognitive, neurodevelopmental, and psycho-social disabilities. In our discussion of the good life we are concerned both with subjective framings that focus on feelings of wellbeing and happiness, as well as more objective framings based on the notion of flourishing or objective goods. As we discuss below, autism is widely taken to be at odds—to varying extents—with both wellbeing and flourishing, and hence incompatible with both objective and subjective conceptions of the good life. While this is one dominant view, it has been challenged by proponents of the neurodiversity conception of autism. This recasts autism as a minority neurocognitive type that is primarily disabled and devalued under current social conditions, instead of it being a medical pathology (Chapman, 2019a; Singer, 1999). In de-pathologising, and instead politicizing, autistic disablement, and distress, this view opens the possibility that rather than autism being inherently at odds with living a good life, autistic wellbeing is impeded by contingent factors. It may even be that we have been rendered ignorant of the possibility of distinctly autistic forms of thriving in certain ways due to interlocking biases, stigma, and prejudice. (...).

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35 / 176 (19.9%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 18 / 147 (12.2%)
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20 / 35 (57.1%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 20 / 176 (11.4%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 10 / 18 (55.6%).
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