Likely neurodivergence and variant connective tissue in patients with chronic pain/chronic fatigue: a case-control study

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref PubMed OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

Quadt, L., Savage, G., Bond, R., Davies, K. A., Critchley, H. D., & Eccles, J. A. (2026). Likely neurodivergence and variant connective tissue in patients with chronic pain/chronic fatigue: a case-control study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 197, 125-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.02.036

Publication date: 18 Feb 2026 Added to AutiHub: 25 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
6
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 6 (16.7%)
  1. Lisa Quadt *
  2. Georgia Savage
  3. Rod Bond
  1. Kevin A Davies
  2. Hugo D. Critchley
  3. Jessica A. Eccles

Abstract

Neurodivergent traits are frequently observed in individuals with chronic pain and/or chronic fatigue (CP/CF), yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the proportion of likely autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in patients with CP/CF and examined whether joint hypermobility-a marker of variant connective tissue-mediated this relationship. We conducted a case-control study using an online survey. Eighty-three adults with CP/CF and 91 adults from a non-clinical comparison group completed validated screening measures for autism, ADHD, and joint hypermobility. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for likely neurodivergence were calculated using binary logistic regression. Mediation analysis tested whether joint hypermobility explained the association between likely neurodivergence and CP/CF. Participants with CP/CF had markedly higher odds of likely autism (adjusted OR 14.3 95% CI [6.5, 31.5]) and likely ADHD (adjusted OR 12.9 95% CI [5.0, 26.7]) than the comparison group. The presence of joint hypermobility significantly mediated the relationship between neurodivergent traits and CP/CF (indirect effect: b = 1.6 95% CI [1.2, 2.1]). Our findings reveal a trans-diagnostic pattern of major clinical importance. In patients with CP/CF, routine screening for neurodivergence should be considered to optimise fair access to appropriate support for improved quality of life.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 07:58.

Cited references
84
With a DOI
67
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
17
11 / 84 (13.1%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
4 / 84 (4.8%)
References with detected author names
82 / 84 (97.6%)
Without detected author names
2
Without a structured title
2
Without a stable identifier
17
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
468
From DOI or external metadata
468
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
0
113 / 468 (24.1%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 355 / 468 (75.9%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
16 / 468 (3.4%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 16 / 113 (14.2%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 7 / 393 (1.8%).
  1. Jessica A. Eccles , Valeria Iodice , Nicholas G. Dowell , A. Owens , L. Hughes , S. Skipper et al. (2014). Joint hypermobility and autonomic hyperactivity: relevance to neurodevelopmental disorders . J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 85(8), e3-e3. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-308883.9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1970207463
    Crossref OpenAlex
  2. Adamowicz (2025). Chronic pain prevalence, characteristics, and impact in United States adults with chronic fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic encephalomyelitis . Pain Manag. Nurs..
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  3. Carolina Baeza-Velasco , Judith Vergne , Marianna Poli , Larissa Kalisch , Raffaella Calati (2025). Autism in the context of joint hypermobility, hypermobility spectrum disorders, and Ehlers–Danlos syndromes: A systematic review and prevalence meta-analyses . Autism, 29(8), 1939-1958. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613251328059 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4408906503
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Carolina Baeza-Velasco , Guillem Pailhez , Antonio Bulbena , Amaria Baghdadli (2015). Joint hypermobility and the heritable disorders of connective tissue: clinical and empirical evidence of links with psychiatry . General Hospital Psychiatry, 37(1), 24-30. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.10.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1991092640
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Javad Alaghband-rad , Arman Hajikarim-Hamedani , Mahtab Motamed (2023). Camouflage and masking behavior in adult autism . Front. Psychiatr., 14, 1108110-1108110. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1108110 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4327614205
    Crossref OpenAlex
  6. Manisha Udhnani , Lindsey Becker , Luc Lecavalier (2025). Performance of Autism Screening and Diagnostic Instruments Among Children with ADHD: A Systematic Review . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-025-06857-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4411757801
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. R. A. Moore , S. Straube , D. Aldington (2013). Pain measures and cut‐offs – ‘no worse than mild pain’ as a simple, universal outcome . Anaesthesia, 68(4), 400-412. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/anae.12148 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1995021873
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. González Moreno, Andrés Santiago (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4247665917
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. DINESH KHANNA , JANET E. POPE , PUJA P. KHANNA , MICHELLE MALONEY , NOOSHIN SAMEDI , DEBBIE NORRIE et al. (2008). The minimally important difference for the fatigue visual analog scale in patients with rheumatoid arthritis followed in an academic clinical practice . J. Rheumatol., 35(12), 2339. The Journal of Rheumatology.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.080375 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2003859473
    Crossref OpenAlex
  10. Linda K. Anderson , Kari R. Lane (2022). The diagnostic journey in adults with hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos syndrome and hypermobility spectrum disorders . Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 34(4), 639-648. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000672 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3209999601
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. Michael E. Hyland , Alison M. Bacon , Joseph W. Lanario , Anthony F. Davies (2019). Symptom frequency and development of a generic functional disorder symptom scale suitable for use in studies of patients with irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia syndrome or chronic fatigue syndrome . Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine, 5(2), 129-138. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2019.05.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2953781369
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Rodney Grahame (2008). Hypermobility: an important but often neglected area within rheumatology . Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology, 4(10), 522-524. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0907 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2045441668
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Carolina Baeza-Velasco , David Cohen , Claude Hamonet , Elodie Vlamynck , Lautaro Diaz , Cora Cravero et al. (2018). Autism, Joint Hypermobility-Related Disorders and Pain . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 1. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00656 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2903961522
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Georgia Hayward , Rachel Mandela , Andrew Barr , Jane Freeston , Claire Vandevelde , Helena Marzo-Ortega (2022). Counselling services embedded within rheumatology clinics could help bridge the gap in mental health care provision for adults with rheumatic diseases . Rheumatology Advances in Practice, 6(3), rkac080-rkac080. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/rap/rkac080 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4304140805
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. RONALD C. KESSLER , LENARD ADLER , MINNIE AMES , OLGA DEMLER , STEVE FARAONE , EVA HIRIPI et al. (2005). The World Health Organization adult ADHD self-report scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population . Psychological Medicine, 35(2), 245-256. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0033291704002892 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2099917845
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Pamela G Mckay , Colin R Martin , Helen Walker , Mick Fleming (2021). Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) and Fibromyalgia (FM): the foundation of a relationship . British Journal of Pain, 15(1), 26-39. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/2049463719875164 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2977426887
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Matthew R. Mulvey , Gary J. Macfarlane , Marcus Beasley , Deborah P. M. Symmons , Karina Lovell , Philip Keeley et al. (2013). Modest Association of Joint Hypermobility With Disabling and Limiting Musculoskeletal Pain: Results From a Large‐Scale General Population–Based Survey . Arthritis Care & Research, 65(8), 1325-1333. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/acr.21979 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2107675381
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Carolina Baeza-Velasco , Lorenzo Sinibaldi , Marco Castori (2018). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, joint hypermobility-related disorders and pain: expanding body-mind connections to the developmental age . ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 10(3), 163-175. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s12402-018-0252-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2792244654
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Ginny Russell , Sal Stapley , Tamsin Newlove‐Delgado , Andrew Salmon , Rhianna White , Fiona Warren et al. (2022). Time trends in autism diagnosis over 20 years: a UK population‐based cohort study . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(6), 674-682. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13505 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3193769374
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Brad T. Tinkle , Howard A. Bird , Rodney Grahame , Mark Lavallee , Howard P. Levy , David Sillence (2009). The lack of clinical distinction between the hypermobility type of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome and the joint hypermobility syndrome (a.k.a. hypermobility syndrome) . American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 149A(11), 2368-2370. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33070 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2126412693
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Jade I Basem , Tiffany Lin , Neel D Mehta (2022). A comprehensive review: chronic pain sequelae in the presence of Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome . Curr. Pain Headache Rep., 26(12), 871. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s11916-022-01093-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4310021877
    Crossref OpenAlex
  24. Jessica A. Eccles , F. D. C. Beacher , M. A. Gray , C. L. Jones , L. Minati , Neil A Harrison et al. (2012). Brain structure and joint hypermobility: Relevance to the expression of psychiatric symptoms . British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(6), 508-509. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.092460 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2135195308
    Crossref OpenAlex
  25. Celine Borg , Florian Chouchou , Jenny Dayot-Gorlero , Perrine Zimmermann , Delphine Maudoux , Bernard Laurent et al. (2018). Pain and emotion as predictive factors of interoception in fibromyalgia . J. Pain Res., 11, 823. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s152012 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2799805592
    Crossref OpenAlex
  26. Erik Kindgren , Antonia Quiñones Perez , Rajna Knez (2021). Prevalence of ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children with Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders or Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: A Retrospective Study . Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, Volume 17, 379-388. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s290494 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3126676499
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Glenda Sobey (2015). Ehlers–Danlos syndrome: how to diagnose and when to perform genetic tests . Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100(1), 57-61. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-304822 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2169828610
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Björn Bragée , Anastasios Michos , Brandon Drum , Mikael Fahlgren , Robert Szulkin , Bo C. Bertilson (2020). Signs of Intracranial Hypertension, Hypermobility, and Craniocervical Obstructions in Patients With Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome . Frontiers in Neurology, 11, 828-828. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00828 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3081679379
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Martin Cederlöf , Henrik Larsson , Paul Lichtenstein , Catarina Almqvist , Eva Serlachius , Jonas F. Ludvigsson (2016). Nationwide population-based cohort study of psychiatric disorders in individuals with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome or hypermobility syndrome and their siblings . BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 207. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0922-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2471836915
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Andrew D. Bretherick , Simon J. McGrath , Andy Devereux-Cooke , Sian Leary , Emma Northwood , Anna Redshaw et al. (2023). Typing myalgic encephalomyelitis by infection at onset: A DecodeME study . NIHR Open Research, 3, 20. National Institute for Health and Care Research.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3310/nihropenres.13421.2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4383102989
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Margaret H. Sibley , James M. Swanson , L. Eugene Arnold , Lily T. Hechtman , Elizabeth B. Owens , Annamarie Stehli et al. (2017). Defining ADHD symptom persistence in adulthood: optimizing sensitivity and specificity . JCPP (J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry), 58(6), 655. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12620 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2523347043
    Crossref OpenAlex
  32. Brugha (2012). Estimating the Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Conditions in Adults: Extending the 2007 Adult Psychiatric .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  33. Harriet Emma Clare Sharp , Hugo D. Critchley , Jessica A. Eccles (2021). Connecting brain and body: Transdiagnostic relevance of connective tissue variants to neuropsychiatric symptom expression . World Journal of Psychiatry, 11(10), 805-820. Baishideng Publishing Group Inc..
    Type: Article DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i10.805 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3206275856
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. C Larsson , EE Hansson , K Sundquist , U Jakobsson (2017). Chronic pain in older adults: prevalence, incidence, and risk factors . Scand. J. Rheumatol., 46(4), 317. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/03009742.2016.1218543 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2555264382
    Crossref OpenAlex
  35. Barbara Carpita , Benedetta Nardi , Valeria Tognini , Francesca Poli , Giulia Amatori , Ivan Mirko Cremone et al. (2024). Autistic traits and somatic symptom disorders: what is the link? Brain Sci., 14(3), 274. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14030274 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4392809615
    Crossref OpenAlex
  36. Marco Castori , Brad Tinkle , Howard Levy , Rodney Grahame , Fransiska Malfait , Alan J. Hakim (2017). A framework for the classification of joint hypermobility and related conditions . American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics, 175(1), 148-157. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31539 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2585695730
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Castori (2011). Chronic fatigue syndrome is commonly diagnosed in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome hypermobility type/joint hypermobility syndrome . Clin. Exp. Rheumatol., 29(3), 597.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  38. Fransiska Malfait , Clair Francomano , Peter Byers , John Belmont , Britta Berglund , James Black et al. (2017). The 2017 international classification of the Ehlers–Danlos syndromes . American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics, 175(1), 8-26. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31552 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2597004434
    Crossref OpenAlex
  39. Mohammad Ali Mansournia , Nicholas Patrick Jewell , Sander Greenland (2018). Case–control matching: effects, misconceptions, and recommendations . Eur. J. Epidemiol., 33(1), 5. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10654-017-0325-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2765263492
    Crossref OpenAlex
  40. Chiang (2011). Embracing complexity: using technology to develop a lifelong learning model for non-working time in the interdependent homes for adults with autism spectrum disorders . Turkish Online J. Educ. Technol., 10(4), 174.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  41. Flavia Chiarotti , Aldina Venerosi (2020). Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Worldwide Prevalence Estimates Since 2014 . Brain Sciences, 10(5), 274. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050274 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3023295472
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Timothy Chruciel , Patrick D Quinn , Joanne Salas , Jeffrey F Scherrer (2023). The Prevalence of Non-Cancer Pain Diagnoses in Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder . Pain Medicine, 24(5), 570-572. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnac159 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4307091388
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Ingunn Mundal , Jorun Schei , Stian Lydersen , Per Hove Thomsen , Torunn Stene Nøvik , Levi R. Kvitland (2024). Prevalence of chronic and multisite pain in adolescents and young adults with ADHD: a comparative study between clinical and general population samples (the HUNT study) . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(5), 1433-1442. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02249-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4382602729
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. Alan J. Hakim , Rodney Grahame (2003). Joint hypermobility . Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, 17(6), 989-1004. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2003.08.001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4242781036
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. Davies (2021). Altering dynamics of autonomic processing therapy (ADAPT) trial: a novel, targeted treatment for reducing anxiety in joint hypermobility . Trials. Trials, 1.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  47. Alison Haley Kucharik , Christopher Chang (2020). The Relationship Between Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (hEDS), Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS), and Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) . Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, 58(3), 273-297. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08755-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2954018937
    Crossref OpenAlex
  49. Ebba Du Rietz , Isabell Brikell , Agnieszka Butwicka , Marica Leone , Zheng Chang , Samuele Cortese et al. (2021). Mapping phenotypic and aetiological associations between ADHD and physical conditions in adulthood in Sweden: a genetically informed register study . The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(9), 774-783. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00171-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3181406354
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  50. Laura Hull , K.V. Petrides , Will Mandy (2020). The Female Autism Phenotype and Camouflaging: a Narrative Review . Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 7(4), 306-317. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40489-020-00197-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3004137504
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Line Melby , Roshan das Nair (2024). ‘We have no services for you… so you have to make the best out of it’: A qualitative study of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients’ dissatisfaction with healthcare services . Health Expectations, 27(1), e13900-e13900. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/hex.13900 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4388034152
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Jessica A. Eccles , Dorina Cadar , Lisa Quadt * , Alan J. Hakim , Nicholas Gall , Vicky Bowyer et al. (2024). Is joint hypermobility linked to self-reported non-recovery from COVID-19? case–control evidence from the British COVID symptom study biobank . BMJ Public Health, 2(1), e000478. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bmjph-2023-000478 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4395484986
    Crossref OpenAlex
  53. Sue Fletcher-Watson , Francesca Happé (2019). Autism . Routledge.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.4324/9781315101699 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4237621835
    OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Jessica A. Eccles , Beth Thompson , Kristy Themelis , Marisa L Amato , Robyn Stocks , Amy Pound et al. (2021). Beyond bones: The relevance of variants of connective tissue (hypermobility) to fibromyalgia, ME/CFS and controversies surrounding diagnostic classification: an observational study . Clinical Medicine, 21(1), 53-58. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.2020-0743 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3125448558
    Crossref OpenAlex
  55. Jessica A. Eccles , Lisa Quadt * , Hannah McCarthy , Kevin A Davies , Rod Bond , Anthony S David et al. (2022). Variant connective tissue (joint hypermobility) and its relevance to depression and anxiety in adolescents: a cohort-based case–control study . BMJ Open, 12(12), e066130. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066130 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4310550953
    Crossref OpenAlex
  56. Laura Ryan , Harriet Beer , Ella Thomson , Edward Philcox , Clive Kelly (2023). Autistic Traits Correlate with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Self-Selected Population Based Survey . OBM Neurobiology, 07(01), 1-21. LIDSEN Publishing Inc.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2301155 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4321015039
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  59. Anna Price , Kieran Becker , John H Ward , Obioha C Ukoumunne , Rebecca Gudka , Anita Salimi et al. (2024). Support for primary care prescribing for adult ADHD in England: national survey . British Journal of General Practice, 74(748), e777-e783. Royal College of General Practitioners.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3399/bjgp.2023.0595 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4394820086
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  60. Fletcher-Watson (2019). Autism: A New Introduction to Psychological Theory and Current Debate .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  61. Ronald C. Kessler , Lenard Adler , Russell Barkley , Joseph Biederman , C. Keith Conners , Olga Demler et al. (2006). The Prevalence and Correlates of Adult ADHD in the United States: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication . American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 716-723. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.716 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4236486344
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  62. Meng-Chuan Lai , Hsiang‐Yuan Lin , Stephanie H. Ameis (2022). Towards equitable diagnoses for autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across sexes and genders . Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 35(2), 90-100. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000770 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4200265675
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. Chloe Lisette Jones , Jarred Younger (2025). Possible racial disparities in the diagnosis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) . Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health, 22(2), 280. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/ijerph22020280 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4407585301
    Crossref OpenAlex
  64. Jones (2022). 10. 1016/j.jpsychires. 2026. 02. 036_bib38
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  65. Aimilia Kallitsounaki , David M. Williams (2023). Autism spectrum disorder and gender dysphoria/incongruence. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(8), 3103. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05517-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4281255505
    Crossref OpenAlex
  66. Kampoureli (2025). Neural processes linking joint hypermobility and anxiety: key roles for the amygdala and insular cortex . Br. J. Psychiatr., 1.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  68. Laura Ryan , Harriet Beer , Ella Thomson , Edward Philcox , Clive Kelly (2022). The Relationship Between Fibromyalgia and Neurodivergent Traits is Partially Mediated by Hypermobility: a Self-Selected Population Based Survey . Qeios Ltd.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.32388/uah9vu.2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4312209296
    Crossref OpenAlex
  69. Jordan T. Jones , William R. Black , Christine N. Moser , Eric T. Rush , Lindsey Malloy Walton (2022). Gender dysphoria in adolescents with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome . SAGE Open Medicine, 10, 20503121221146074-20503121221146074. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/20503121221146074 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4312354149
    OpenAlex
  70. Jennifer Todd , David Plans , Michael C. Lee , Jonathan M. Bird , Davide Morelli , Adam Cunningham et al. (2024). Heightened interoception in adults with fibromyalgia . Biol. Psychol., 186, 108761. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108761 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4391482979
    Crossref OpenAlex
  71. Muthén (2012). Statistical Analysis with Latent Variables: Mplus User's Guide .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  72. (2017). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Clinical Guidelines, Spondyloarthritis in over 16s: Diagnosis and Management .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  73. (2017). Copyright © National Institute for Health and Care Excellence .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  74. Sara Popit , Klara Serod , Igor Locatelli , Matej Stuhec (2024). Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): systematic review and meta-analysis . Eur. Psychiatry, 67(1), e68-e68. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1786 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4403254486
    Crossref OpenAlex
  76. Proff (2021). Sensory processing in autism across exteroceptive and interoceptive domains . Psychol. Neurosci..
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  77. Leonardo Zoccante , Gianfranco Di Gennaro , Erika Rigotti , Marco Luigi Ciceri , Andrea Sbarbati , Marco Zaffanello (2024). Neurodevelopmental disorders and connective tissue-related symptoms: an exploratory case-control study in children . Children, 12(1), 33. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/children12010033 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4405940590
    Crossref OpenAlex
  78. Nathasha Udugampolage , Jacopo Taurino , Alessandra Bassotti , Alessandro Pini , Rosario Caruso , Edward Callus et al. (2025). Exploring fatigue in Marfan and hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndromes: an analytical cross-sectional study in two Italian healthcare centres . BMJ Open, 15(1), e087298. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-087298 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4406106273
    Crossref OpenAlex
  79. Quadt (n.d.). 10. 1016/j.jpsychires. 2026. 02. 036_bib64
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  80. Regina A. Torok , Jeffrey Lubell , Rena M. Rudy , Jessica A. Eccles , Lisa Quadt * (2025). Variant Connective Tissue as a Risk Factor for Long COVID: a case-control Study . medRxiv. openRxiv.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.1101/2025.02.27.25323047 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4408079919
    Crossref OpenAlex
  81. Shaw (2023). Barriers to healthcare and a 'triple empathy problem' may lead to adverse outcomes for autistic adults: a qualitative study . Autism.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  82. Suksasilp (2024). A hierarchical Bayesian model reveals increased precision weighting for afferent cardiac signals, and reduced anxiety, as a function of interoceptive training . bioRxiv, 2024(2009).
    Type: Preprint
    Crossref
  83. Syx (2017). Hypermobility, the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes and chronic pain . Clin. Exp. Rheumatol., 35(Suppl. 107), 116.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  84. Ward (1993). The wender Utah rating scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . JAMA Psychiatry, 150(6), 885.
    Type: Other
    Crossref