Mental health–related hospitalizations among adolescents and emerging adults with autism in the United States: A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of national hospital discharge data

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. The publication reports that autistic people are authors or co-authors, without specifying their number or identifying them by name.

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref BibTeX OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

McMaughan, D. J., Imanpour, S., Mulcahy, A., Jones, J., & Criss, M. M. (2023). Mental health–related hospitalizations among adolescents and emerging adults with autism in the United States: A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of national hospital discharge data. Autism, 27(6), 1702-1715. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221143592

Journal or book title
Autism
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Volume
27
Issue
6
Pages
1702-1715
Publication date: 4 Jan 2023 Added to AutiHub: 21 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) Full text OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
5
Autistic authors reported by the publication
Number not specified
  1. Darcy Jones (DJ) McMaughan
  2. Sara Imanpour
  3. Abigail Mulcahy
  4. Jennifer Jones
  5. Michael M Criss

Abstract

Autistic adolescents and emerging adults experience high rates of mental health conditions—a risk factor for hospitalization. Using nationally representative data from the 2016 HCUP KID, we estimated the prevalence and costs of mental health–related hospitalizations for autistic adolescents and emerging adults in the United States. Hospital discharges for ages 10–20 years (n = 1,346,849) were analyzed using survey-adjusted logistic regression and general linear modeling. Mental health–related hospitalizations among autistic young people (n = 14,368) were mostly for neurodevelopmental, disruptive, depressive, and bipolar disorders. Mental health–related hospitalizations were almost 11 times more likely (OR = 10.98, 95% CI = 10.00–12.00) for autistic youth compared youth with complex and chronic conditions, and two times (OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.88–2.19) more likely compared to population controls. Predicted mean service delivery costs of mental health–related hospitalizations for autistic adolescents and emerging adults were US$7,401.23 per stay, resulting in US$106 million in estimated total service delivery costs in 2016. Mental health–related hospitalizations can indicate poor quality care, be traumatic, and increase suicide risk. Community mental health care for autistic young people is needed. Lay abstract Autistic young people are more likely to have mental health conditions, like depression and bipolar disorder, than people without autism. These mental health issues sometimes lead to hospitalizations, which can be expensive and traumatic. Because of this, we wanted to understand mental health–related hospitalizations among autistic young people aged 10–20. We found that the main mental health reasons for the hospitalization of autistic young people were neurodevelopmental, disruptive, depressive, and bipolar disorders. These hospitalizations cost an average of US$7401.23 per stay, for a total of US$106 million in service delivery costs in 2016. Mental health–related hospitalizations were compared between young people with autism, young people with complex and chronic conditions, and young people with no chronic conditions. Autistic young people were almost 11 times more likely to be hospitalized for mental health reasons than young people with complex and chronic conditions, and two times more likely than young people with no complex and chronic conditions. We believe the United States needs better community-based mental health care for young people with autism.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 3 Oct 2026 08:23.

Cited references
76
With a DOI
64
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
10
4 / 76 (5.3%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
8 / 76 (10.5%)
References with detected author names
68 / 76 (89.5%)
Without detected author names
8
Without a structured title
8
Without a stable identifier
10
References with raw author names still to review
8
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
373
From DOI or external metadata
373
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
13
83 / 373 (22.3%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 290 / 373 (77.7%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
14 / 373 (3.8%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 14 / 83 (16.9%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 13 / 337 (3.9%).
  1. Daniel L. Gadke , Cliff McKinney , Arazais Oliveros (2016). Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms and Comorbidity in Emerging Adults . Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47(2), 194-201. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10578-015-0556-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W327550294
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. American Psychological Association. (2022). Disability. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/bias-free-language/disability
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  3. DAVID S. MANDELL (2008). Psychiatric Hospitalization Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(6), 1059-1065. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-007-0481-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2035679731
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Jeffrey Jensen Arnett (2009). Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach .
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1483151823
    OpenAlex
  5. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2021). HCUP clinical classification software refined (CCSR) ICD-10-CM diagnoses (v2022. 1). https://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/toolssoftware/ccsr/DXCCSR-User-Guide-v2022-1.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  6. Jessica L. Bettenhausen , Matt Hall , Stephanie K. Doupnik , Jessica L. Markham , James A. Feinstein , Jay G. Berry et al. (2021). Hospitalization Outcomes for Rural Children with Mental Health Conditions . The Journal of Pediatrics, 229, 240-246.e1. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.09.067 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3091533413
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. JUSTIN JAGOSH , Ann C. Macaulay , PIERRE PLUYE , JON SALSBERG , PAULA L. BUSH , JIM HENDERSON et al. (2012). Uncovering the Benefits of Participatory Research: Implications of a Realist Review for Health Research and Practice . The Milbank Quarterly, 90(2), 311-346. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2012.00665.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1589185784
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Ilhom Akobirshoev , Monika Mitra , Robbie Dembo , Emily Lauer (2020). In-hospital mortality among adults with autism spectrum disorder in the United States: A retrospective analysis of US hospital discharge data . Autism, 24(1), 177-189. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319855795 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2952614592
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. Jie Chen , Robin Bloodworth , Priscilla Novak , Benjamin Le Cook , Howard H. Goldman , Michael S. Rendall et al. (2018). Reducing Preventable Hospitalization and Disparity: Association With Local Health Department Mental Health Promotion Activities . American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54(1), 103-112. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.10.011 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2771790338
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. L. Dodds , A. Spencer , S. Shea , D. Fell , B.A. Armson , A.C. Allen et al. (2009). Validity of autism diagnoses using administrative health data . Chronic Diseases in Canada, 29(3), 102-107. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch (HPCDP) Public Health Agency of Canada.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.29.3.02 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1911918103
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (1989). Inpatient hospital treatment of children and adolescents. https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Policy_Statements/1989/Inpatient_Hospital_Treatment_of_Children_and_Adolescents.aspx
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  12. Julie Barber , Simon Thompson (2004). Multiple regression of cost data: use of generalised linear models . Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 9(4), 197-204. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1258/1355819042250249 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1996146145
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Aaron M. Nayfack , Lynne C. Huffman , Heidi M. Feldman , Jia Chan , Olga Saynina , Paul H. Wise (2014). Hospitalizations of Children with Autism Increased from 1999 to 2009 . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(5), 1087-1094. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1965-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1965058463
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Jeffrey Jensen Arnett (2018). Conceptual Foundations of Emerging Adulthood . In Emerging Adulthood and Higher Education (pp. 11-24). Routledge.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.4324/9781315623405-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2990746258
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Brenna Maddox , Samantha Crabbe , Rinad S Beidas , Lauren Brookman-Frazee , Carolyn C Cannuscio , Judith S. Miller et al. (2020). “I wouldn’t know where to start”: Perspectives from clinicians, agency leaders, and autistic adults on improving community mental health services for autistic adults . Autism, 24(4), 919-930. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319882227 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2988923336
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. DAVID S. MANDELL , Jun Cao , Richard Ittenbach , Jennifer Pinto-Martin (2006). Medicaid Expenditures for Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders: 1994 to 1999 . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(4), 475-485. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-006-0088-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1978832384
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Brenda Lenz (2001). The Transition From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: A Theoretical Perspective . The Journal of School Nursing, 17(6), 300-306. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/10598405010170060401 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1982592453
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Anne V. Kirby , Amanda V. Bakian , Yue Zhang , Deborah A. Bilder , Brooks Keeshin , Hilary Coon (2019). A 20‐year study of suicide death in a statewide autism population . Autism Research, 12(4), 658-666. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2076 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2911505910
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Caitlin M. Conner , Josh Golt , Giulia Righi , Rebecca Shaffer , Matthew Siegel , Carla A. Mazefsky (2020). A Comparative Study of Suicidality and Its Association with Emotion Regulation Impairment in Large ASD and US Census-Matched Samples . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3545-3560. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04370-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3000587089
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Alexandre Lapillonne , Antoine Regnault , Véronique Gournay , Jean-Bernard Gouyon , Hélène Gilet , Daniela Anghelescu et al. (2012). Impact on parents of bronchiolitis hospitalization of full-term, preterm and congenital heart disease infants . BMC Pediatrics, 12(1), 171-171. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-171 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2012535245
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Celeste D. Bickford , Tim F. Oberlander , Nancy E. Lanphear , Whitney M. Weikum , Patricia A. Janssen , Helene Ouellette‐Kuntz et al. (2020). Identification of Pediatric Autism Spectrum Disorder Cases Using Health Administrative Data . Autism Research, 13(3), 456-463. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2252 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2992174994
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Meng-Chuan Lai , Caroline Kassee , Richard Besney , Sarah Bonato , Laura Hull , Will Mandy et al. (2019). Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Lancet Psychiatry, 6(10), 819. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30289-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2936336589
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Lisa A. Croen , Daniel V. Najjar , G. Thomas Ray , Linda Lotspeich , Pilar Bernal (2006). A Comparison of Health Care Utilization and Costs of Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Large Group-Model Health Plan . Pediatrics, 118(4), e1203-e1211. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-0127 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2033307559
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Isabel Boege , Nicole Corpus , Miriam Weichard , Renate Schepker , Paul Young , Jorg M. Fegert (2021). Long‐term outcome of intensive home treatment for children and adolescents with mental health problems – 4 years after a randomized controlled clinical trial . Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 26(4), 310-319. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/camh.12500 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3198460279
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. P Huxley , S Evans , S Madge , M Webber , T Burchardt , D McDaid et al. (2012). Development of a social inclusion index to capture subjective and objective life domains (Phase II): psychometric development study . Health Technology Assessment, 16(1), iii-vii, ix. National Institute for Health and Care Research.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3310/hta16010 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2034075391
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Eilidh Cage , Jessica Di Monaco , Victoria Newell (2018). Experiences of autism acceptance and mental health in autistic adults . J Autism Dev Disord, 48(2), 473-484. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3342-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2766434912
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. for the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Inpatient Research Collaborative (ADDIRC) , Giulia Righi , Carla A. Mazefsky , Carla A. Mazefsky , Stephen J. Sheinkopf , Stephen J. Sheinkopf et al. (2018). Predictors of Inpatient Psychiatric Hospitalization for Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(11), 3647-3657. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3154-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2620509260
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Rene Geanellos (2002). Transformative change of self: The unique focus of (adolescent) mental health nursing? International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 11(3), 174-185. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-0979.2002.00245.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2044725003
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Eilidh Cage , Zoe Troxell-Whitman (2019). Understanding the Reasons, Contexts and Costs of Camouflaging for Autistic Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1899-1911. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-03878-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2909219349
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Dennis Ougrin , Richard Corrigall , Daniel Stahl , Jason Poole , Toby Zundel , Mandy Wait et al. (2021). Supported discharge service versus inpatient care evaluation (SITE): a randomised controlled trial comparing effectiveness of an intensive community care service versus inpatient treatment as usual for adolescents with severe psychiatric disorders: self-harm, functional impairment, and educational and clinical outcomes . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(9), 1427-1436. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01617-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3083474085
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Georgina Peacock , Djesika Amendah , Lijing Ouyang , Scott D. Grosse (2012). Autism Spectrum Disorders and Health Care Expenditures . Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 33(1), 2-8. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0b013e31823969de OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2055301101
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Jonathan Cantor , Ryan K. McBain , Aaron Kofner , Bradley D. Stein , Hao Yu (2020). Fewer Than Half Of US Mental Health Treatment Facilities Provide Services For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder . Health Affairs, 39(6), 968-974. Health Affairs Publishing, LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2019.01557 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3029961604
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Paul S. Carbone , Paul C. Young , Gregory J. Stoddard , Jacob Wilkes , Leonardo Trasande (2015). A Comparison of Ambulatory Care Sensitive Hospitalizations Among Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder . Academic Pediatrics, 15(6), 626-635. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2015.07.006 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2125144809
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Jonathan Cantor , Ryan K McBain , Aaron Kofner , Bradley D Stein , Hao Yu (2022). Where are US outpatient mental health facilities that serve children with autism spectrum disorder? A national snapshot of geographic disparities . Autism, 26(1), 169-177. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211024046 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3169008635
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Chris Feudtner , James A Feinstein , Wenjun Zhong , Matt Hall , Dingwei Dai (2014). Pediatric complex chronic conditions classification system version 2: updated for ICD-10 and complex medical technology dependence and transplantation . BMC Pediatrics, 14(1), 199-199. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-199 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2157037004
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. Dorothea A. Iannuzzi , Erika R. Cheng , Sarabeth Broder‐Fingert , Margaret Bauman (2015). Brief Report: Emergency Department Utilization by Individuals with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(4), 1096-1102. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2251-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2131099690
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Zuleyha Cidav , Steven C. Marcus , DAVID S. MANDELL (2014). Home- and Community-Based Waivers for Children With Autism: Effects on Service Use and Costs . Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 52(4), 239-248. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-52.4.239 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2132080143
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Erin F. Carlton , John P. Donnelly , Hallie C. Prescott , Lisa A. Asaro , Ryan P. Barbaro , R. Scott Watson et al. (2021). School and Work Absences After Critical Care Hospitalization for Pediatric Acute Respiratory Failure . JAMA Network Open, 4(12), e2140732. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.40732 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4200446439
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. Kelly McGuire , Matthew Siegel (2018). Psychiatric hospital treatment of youth with autism spectrum disorder in the United States: needs, outcomes, and policy . International Review of Psychiatry, 30(1), 110-115. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2018.1433134 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2792155703
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Emily Simonoff , Andrew Pickles , Tony Charman , Susie Chandler , Tom Loucas , Gillian Baird (2008). Psychiatric Disorders in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Associated Factors in a Population-Derived Sample . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 921-929. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e318179964f OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2158063953
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Michèle Preyde , Shrenik Parekh , Amanda Warne , John Heintzman (2017). School Reintegration and Perceived Needs: The Perspectives of Child and Adolescent Patients During Psychiatric Hospitalization . Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 34(6), 517-526. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10560-017-0490-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2588423128
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Julia Cook , Laura Hull , Laura Crane , Will Mandy (2021). Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review . Clinical Psychology Review, 89(102), 102080. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102080 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3198172085
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. Jeremy Y. Feng , Sara L. Toomey , Alan M. Zaslavsky , Mari M. Nakamura , Mark A. Schuster (2017). Readmission After Pediatric Mental Health Admissions . Pediatrics, 140(6), e20171571. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-1571 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2765160493
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. Geovanna Rodriguez , Kim Drastal , Sigan L. Hartley (2021). Cross-lagged model of bullying victimization and mental health problems in children with autism in middle to older childhood . Autism. The International Journal of Research and Practice, 25(1), 90. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320947513 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3085164009
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Iryna Culpin , Becky Mars , Rebecca M. Pearson , Jean Golding , Jon Heron , Isidora Bubak et al. (2018). Autistic Traits and Suicidal Thoughts, Plans, and Self-Harm in Late Adolescence: Population-Based Cohort Study . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(5), 313-320.e6. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.01.023 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2952692995
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Paul Turcotte , Lindsay Shea , DAVID S. MANDELL (2018). School Discipline, Hospitalization, and Police Contact Overlap Among Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(3), 883-891. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3359-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2770090377
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. Stephanie Doupnik , Jonathan Rodean , Bonnie T. Zima , Tumaini R. Coker , Diana Worsley , Kris P. Rehm et al. (2018). Readmissions after Pediatric Hospitalization for Suicide Ideation and Suicide Attempt . Journal of Hospital Medicine, 13(11), 743-751. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.12788/jhm.3070 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2899679805
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  50. Anisa J N Jafar (2018). What is positionality and should it be expressed in quantitative studies? Emergency Medicine Journal, 35(5), 323-324. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2017-207158 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2784299132
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Jessica L. Rice , Tony Xing Tan , Yanzheng Li (2021). In their voices: Experiences of adolescents during involuntary psychiatric hospitalization . Children and Youth Services Review, 126, 106045. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106045 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3159767452
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Steven K. Kapp * (2018). Social Support, Well-being, and Quality of Life Among Individuals on the Autism Spectrum . Pediatrics, 141(Supplement_4), S362-S368. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-4300n OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2796366587
    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  53. Dorothea Iannuzzi , Matt Hall , Nicolas M. Oreskovic , Emmanuel Aryee , Sarabeth Broder‐Fingert , James M. Perrin et al. (2022). Emergency Department Utilization of Adolescents and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(2), 617-622. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04969-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3137044161
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Tamara E. Rosen , Carla A. Mazefsky , Roma A. Vasa , Matthew D Lerner (2018). Co-occurring psychiatric conditions in autism spectrum disorder . International Review of Psychiatry, 30(1), 40-61. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2018.1450229 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2801913374
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Jonathan M. Platt , Katherine M. Keyes , Katie A. McLaughlin , Alan S. Kaufman (2019). Intellectual disability and mental disorders in a US population representative sample of adolescents . Psychological Medicine, 49(6), 952-961. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001605 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2814422476
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  56. (n.d.). HCUP Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID). Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). 2016. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/kidoverview.jsp
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  57. Sarah Ketchen Lipson , Emily G. Lattie , Daniel Eisenberg (2019). Increased Rates of Mental Health Service Utilization by U.S. College Students: 10-Year Population-Level Trends (2007–2017) . Psychiatric Services, 70(1), 60-63. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201800332 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2899520395
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  58. Huff C. (2021). Working with adults with developmental disabilities, 52(8). https://www-apa-org.argo.library.okstate.edu ; http://www.apa.org/monitor/2021/11/feature-developmental-disabilities
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  59. Rae Morris , Andrea Greenblatt , Michael Saini (2019). Healthcare Providers’ Experiences with Autism: A Scoping Review . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(6), 2374-2388. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-03912-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2911241604
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  60. Darcy Jones (DJ) McMaughan , Kelley E. Rhoads , Crys Davis , Xuewei Chen , Ho Han , Richard A. Jones et al. (2021). COVID-19 Related Experiences Among College Students With and Without Disabilities: Psychosocial Impacts, Supports, and Virtual Learning Environments . Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 782793-782793. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.782793 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4200620494
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  61. Jean M. Twenge , A. Bell Cooper , Thomas E. Joiner , Mary E. Duffy , Sarah G. Binau (2019). Age, period, and cohort trends in mood disorder indicators and suicide-related outcomes in a nationally representative dataset, 2005–2017. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(3), 185-199. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/abn0000410 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2921393753
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  62. Darcy Jones (DJ) McMaughan , Suzanne M. Dolwick Grieb , Roula Kteily-Hawa , Kent D. Key (2021). Promoting and Advocating for Ethical Community Engagement: Transparency in the Community-engaged Research Spectrum . Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action, 15(4), 419-424. Project MUSE.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1353/cpr.2021.0054 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4205294190
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. Jensen-Arnett J. (2004). Adolescence and emerging adulthood: A cultural approach . Adolescence and emerging adulthood: A cultural approach.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  64. DAVID S. MANDELL , Molly K. Candon , Ming Xie , Steven C. Marcus , Alene Kennedy-Hendricks , Andrew J. Epstein et al. (2019). Effect of Outpatient Service Utilization on Hospitalizations and Emergency Visits Among Youths With Autism Spectrum Disorder . Psychiatric Services, 70(10), 888-893. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201800290 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2953227125
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  65. Will Mandy (2019). Social camouflaging in autism: Is it time to lose the mask? Autism, 23(8), 1879-1881. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319878559 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2975468007
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  66. Ryan K. McBain , Aaron Kofner , Bradley D. Stein , Jonathan H. Cantor , William B. Vogt , Hao Yu (2019). Growth and Distribution of Child Psychiatrists in the United States: 2007–2016 . Pediatrics, 144(6). American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-1576 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2986510570
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  67. Ramin Mojtabai , Mark Olfson (2020). National Trends in Mental Health Care for US Adolescents . JAMA Psychiatry, 77(7), 703. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0279 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3013874881
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  68. Darcy Jones (DJ) McMaughan , Jennifer Jones , Abigail Mulcahy , Emily C. Tucker , Judith G. Beverly , Maria Perez-Patron (2022). Hospitalizations Among Children and Youth With Autism in the United States: Frequency, Characteristics, and Costs . Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 60(6), 484-503. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-60.6.484 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4310497379
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  69. McDermott K. W. (2017). Trends in hospital inpatient stays in the United States, 2005-2014 . Trends in hospital inpatient stays in the United States, 2005-2014.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  71. Alan G. Woodruff , Karen Choong (2021). Long-Term Outcomes and the Post-Intensive Care Syndrome in Critically Ill Children: A North American Perspective . Children, 8(4), 254. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/children8040254 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3140532105
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  72. National Conference of State Legislatures. (2021). Autism and insurance coverage state laws. https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/autism-and-insurance-coverage-state-laws.aspx
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  73. Tanner, Jennifer Lynn , Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen (2016). Routledge handbook of youth and young adulthood . Routledge.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.4324/9781315753058 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3187244516
    Crossref OpenAlex
  74. Pickens G. T., Liang L., Roemer M. (2021). HCUP cost-to-charge ratio methodologies (No. 2021–05; HCUP methods series, p. 14). U. S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/methods/MS2021-05-CCR-Methodologies.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  75. Darcy Jones (DJ) McMaughan , Suzanne M. Dolwick Grieb , Roula Kteily-Hawa , Kent D. Key (2021). Promoting and Advocating for Ethical Community Engagement: Transparency in the Community-engaged Research Spectrum . Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University).
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4206954806
    OpenAlex
  76. Soria K. M., Horgos B., Chirikov I., Jones D. (2020). The experiences of undergraduate students with physical, learning, neurodevelopmental, and cognitive disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic [SERU consortium]. University of California-Berkeley and University of Minnesota. https://docs.google.com/document/d/JrPktBoLNcJHxwGwLorgCKFnlRklkMBeyPbey/edit?usp=embed_facebook1286150
    Type: Other
    Crossref